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Transcript
Standard 1 - Cells Course Level Expectations: CLE 3210.1.1 Compare the structure and function of cellular organelles in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. SPI 3210.1.1 Identify the cellular organelles associated with major cell processes. SPI 3210.1.2 Distinguish between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Textbook pages Chpt 4 sec 2 p 72, Chpt 4 sec 3 p 76, Chpt 4 sec 4 p 87 For each of the following structures, state the location in the cell, the function, and whether it occurs in prokaryotic, eukaryotic or both. Plasma membrane Cytoplasm` Cytosol Nucleus Prokaryote Eukaryote Organelle Phospholipid bilayer Chromosome Nuclear envelope Nucleolus Ribosome Mitochondrion Endoplasmic reticulum Golgi apparatus Lysosome Cytoskeleton Microtubule Microfilament Cilium Flagellum Centriole Cell wall Central vacuole Plastid Chloroplast Thylakoid Chlorophyll Peroxisome Contractile vacuole Questions 1. Differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells? 2. What is the fluid mosaic model of the cell membrane (include structure of the cell membrane) 3. Differences between plant and animal cells 4. What is the structure and function of each of the cell organelles ______________________________________________________________ CLE 3210.1.2 Distinguish among the structure and function of the four major organic macromolecules found in living things. SPI 3210.1.3 Distinguish among proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids. SPI 3210.1.4 Identify positive tests for carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins. Questions 1. Label these molecules. 2. What is a function or purpose of each? 3. Which ones can store energy for longer than just a few minutes? 4. Identify positive tests for carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins. a. ___________________ is an indicator for the presence of starch which turns _____________. b. ________________________ is an indicator for the presence of protein which turns _____________. c. _______________________ is an indicator for the presence of fats/lipids which turns _____________. d. ______________________________ is an indicator for the presence of sugar which turns _____________. CLE 3210.1.3 Describe how enzymes regulate chemical reactions in the body. SPI 3210.1.5 Identify how enzymes control chemical reactions in the body. Textbook pages Chapt 3 sec1 p 51, Chapt 3 sec 2 p 55 Review these terms and be able to use them to answer the questions below. Monomer Polymer Macromolecule Condensation reaction Hydrolysis Adenosine triphosphate Carbohydrate Monosaccharide Polysaccharide Disaccharide Protein Amino acid Peptide bond Polypeptide Enzyme Substrate Active site Denature Lipid Glycerol Fatty acid Phospholipids Wax Steroid Nucleic acid Nucleotide Deoxyribonucleic Ribonucleic acid acid Questions 1. Draw the structure of each of the major macromolecules and label the parts. (protein, carbohydrate, lipids, and nucleic acids) 2. What are the monomers of each of the major macromolecules? 3. What type of bond does each macromolecule exhibit? 4. What are the functions of each of the major macromolecules? 5. What are the tests used to detect the presence of the major macromolecules? What does a positive test look like? 6. What is the function of an enzyme? What types of molecules are most enzymes? 7. How do enzymes control reactions in the body? 8. What are conditions that may enhance or limit enzyme function? 9. Define: Catalyst, enzyme, substrate, denature, and activation energy ______________________________________________________________ CLE 3210.1.4 Describe the processes of cell growth and reproduction. SPI 3210.1.6 Determine the relationship between cell growth and cell reproduction. Textbook pages Chapt 8 sec 1 p 150, Chpt 8 sec 2 p 154 Review these terms and be able to use them to answer the questions below. Chromosome Histone Sister chromatid Centromere Chromatin Sex chromosome Autosome Homologous chromosome Binary fission Mitosis Asexual reproduction Meiosis Gamete Interphase Cytokinesis Prophase Spindle fiber Metaphase Anaphase Telophase Cell plate Mitosis Questions 1. List the events in each of the phases of the cell cycle. 2. Which parts of the cell cycle make up interphase? The M-phase? 3. What are the phases of mitosis? What happens in each phase? 4. When does DNA replication take place? 5. Draw pictures of animal and plant cells in each of the phases of mitosis. Explain the events of each phase. 6. What is the relationship of cell growth to cell reproduction? 7. Explain the relationship of mitosis and cancer. 8. What is a somatic cell? An autosomal chromosome? ______________________________________________________________ CLE 3210.1.5 Compare different models to explain the movement of materials into and out of cells. SPI 3210.1.7 Predict the movement of water and other molecules across selectively permeable membranes. SPI 3210.1.8 Compare and contrast active and passive transport. Textbook pages Chapt. 5 sec 1 p 97, Chapt 5 sec 2 p 103 Define the following terms! Passive Diffusion Concentration Equilibrium Osmosis transport gradient Hypotonic Hypertonic Isotonic Turgor pressure Plasmolysis Facilitated diffusion Carrier protein Ion channel Active transport Sodiumpotassium pump exocytosis Endocytosis Pinocytosis Phagocytosis Questions 1. Distinguish between isotonic, hypertonic and hypotonic solutions. What will happen to a cell placed in each? 2. What is the difference between passive transport and active transport? Give examples of each in a cell. 3. What is a selectively permeable membrane? 4. Why does the sodium/potassium pump require energy? What does the pump do? 5. What is this a drawing of? ____________________________ ( it regulates what enters and leaves the cell) Label the parts indicated. 6. The arrows indicate the movement of __________. What happens to a red blood cell placed in pure water? 7. Active transport – Passive transport – Concentration gradient – Facilitated Diffusion/Passive transport Facilitated diffusion involves the use of a protein to facilitate the movement of molecules across the membrane. In some cases, molecules pass through channels within the protein. In other cases, the protein changes shape, allowing molecules to pass through. Additional energy is not required because the molecule is traveling down a concentration gradient (high concentration to low concentration). The energy of movement comes from the concentration gradient. Active Transport Active transport is used to move ions or molecules against a concentration gradient (low concentration to high concentration). Movement against a concentration gradient requires energy. The energy is supplied by ATP which is released by breaking a phosphate bond to produce ADP: ATP ADP + Pi + energy The Sodium-Potassium Pump The sodium-potassium pump uses active transport to move 3 sodium ions to the outside of the cell for each 2 potassium ions that it moves in. It is found in all human cells, especially nerve and muscle cells. One third of the body’s energy expenditure is used to operate the sodiumpotassium pump. One phosphate bond in the ATP molecule breaks, releasing its energy to the pump protein. The pump protein changes shape, releasing the sodium ions to the outside. The two potassium binding sites are also exposed to the outside, allowing two potassium ions to enter the pump. When the phosphate group detaches from the pump, the pump returns to its original shape. The two potassium ions leave and three sodium ions enter. The cycle then repeats itself.
