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CP Biology 1st Semester Study Guide 2016 Chapter 1 SI/metric units Ch 1 Vocabulary: Prokaryotic cells Eukaryotic cells Species Theory Hypothesis Inference Independent variable Dependent variable Control Constants Chapter 2 - Chemistry Structure of the atom Periodic table – calculate number of protons, neutrons, electrons Ionic vs. covalent bonds Hydrogen bonds and water Ch 2 Vocabulary: Matter Atom Element Compound Proton Neutron Electron Nucleus Atomic number Atomic mass Isotope Ion Ionic bond Covalent bond Molecule Single bond Double bond Nonpolar Polar covalent bond Polar molecule Hydrogen bond Cohesion Adhesion Surface tension Solution Solvent Solute Chemical reaction Reactants Products Chapter 2 – Biological Molecules General carbon atom info Dehydration reaction Hydrolysis reaction Major categories of organic compounds, examples, characteristics Proteins- levels of structure, amino acid structure Nucleic acids – structure, bases for DNA & RNA, nucleotide structure Nitrogen base pairs Organic compound Hydrocarbons Isomers Hydrophilic Hydrophobic Macromolecule Polymer Monomer Carbohydrate Monosaccharide Disaccharide Polysaccharide Lipid Triglyceride Unsaturated fat Saturated fat Phospholipids Protein Enzymes Amino acid Chapter 3 Parts of the microscope Why most cells are microscopic – surface area to volume ratio Diagram of a cell – prokaryote, eukaryote/plant and animal Names and functions of cell organelles Peptide bond Polypeptide Nucleic acids DNA RNA Nucleotide Nitrogenous base Double helix CP Biology 1st Semester Study Guide 2016 Enzymes – how they function Ch 3 Vocabulary: Light microscope Magnification Resolution Cell theory Prokaryotic cells Eukaryotic cells Plasma membrane Ribosomes Nucleoid region Cell wall Capsule Pili Prokaryotic flagella Cytoplasm Organelles Nucleus Chromatin/chromosome Nuclear envelope/membrane Nucleolus Vesicles Endoplasmic reticulum Smooth ER Rough ER Transport vesicle Golgi apparatus Lysosome Vacuole Central vacuole Chloroplast Mitochondria Cytoskeleton Microfilaments Intermediate filaments Microtubules Cilia Flagella Basal body Plasmodesmata Extracellular matrix Energy of activation Enzyme Substrate Active site Induced fit Cofactors Coenzyme Chapter 3.3 Membrane purpose, structure, functions, Fluid mosaic model of membranes Differences between active/passive transport Movement of solute molecules with passive transport Difference between facilitated diffusion/active transport Movement of water molecules with osmosis What happens to a plant or animal cell in hypotonic, hypertonic or isotonic solutions Selectively permeable membrane Processes of exocytosis, endocytosis, phagocytosis, pinocytosis, receptor-mediated endocytosis Ch 3.3 Vocabulary: Energy Kinetic energy Potential energy Chemical energy Entropy Endergonic reactions Exergonic reactions Cellular respiration ATP Diffusion Passive transport Osmosis Facilitated diffusion Isotonic Hypotonic Hypertonic Plasmolysis Active transport Ch 3.4 Cell Growth and Division Cell cycle Sexual reproduction Chromosomes DNA replication Okazaki fragments Leading strand Lagging strand Semiconservative replication Cell division Binary fission Chromatin Centromere Spindle Metaphase plate Centrosomes Cell plate Apoptosis Cancer Tumor Homologous chromosome Cell cycle – phases and processes, control system & checkpoints, diagrams of process DNA replication steps Mitosis – functions, stages and descriptions, plants vs. animal cells, diagrams of process CP Biology Final Exam Study Guide 2016 Name ___________________ Chapter 4 ATP: full name, structure, ATP cycle How enzymes speed up reactions, function and factors Affecting Enzyme speed How inhibitors work including competitive, noncompetitive, feedback inhibition Redox reactions - concept Photosynthesis – definition, overall equation Basic parts of a plant cell Identify reactant oxidized and reactant reduced Major reactants and products for both stages of photosynthesis The structure of a chloroplast and what happens where Role of ATP/ADP, NADPH/NADP+, H+, RuBP, H2O, G3P Compare & contrast photosystem I and photosystem II Ch 4 Vocabulary: Stomata (stoma- singular) Stroma Thylakoids Grana (granum- singular) Light reactions Calvin cycle Carbon fixation Electromagnetic energy Wavelength Pigment Reaction center 1̊ electron acceptor Photophosphorylation C3 plants C4 plants CAM plants Chapter 4.3 Compare and contrast photosynthesis and cellular respiration Difference between cellular respiration and “breathing” respiration General cellular respiration equation, total ATP produced, % energy of glucose harvested Cellular respiration – name four phases, starting reactants/ending products of each phase, location of each process, general understanding of each process, number of ATP & product at each stage produced by 1 glucose molecule Role of NAD+, FAD, Coenzyme A Similarities and differences between aerobic cellular respiration, anaerobic lactic acid (lactate) production, anaerobic alcohol production, general reaction of each pathway Describe the process for carbohydrates, fats and proteins to enter the cellular respiration process. Be prepared to name some of the major organic molecules on diagrams of glycolysis and the citric acid cycle. Describe the difference between oxidative phosphorylation and substrate-level phosphorylation and where each occurs. Compare and contrast structure of chloroplasts vs. mitochondria Ch 4.3 Vocabulary: Cellular respiration Redox reactions Oxidation Reduction Substrate-levelphosphorylation Chemiosmosis Aerobic Anaerobic Fermentation/Lactate Fermentation/Alcohol Mitochondria Cristae/ Mitochondrial membrane Mitochondrial matrix Glucose ATP & ADP NAD+ & NADH FAD & FADH2 ATP Synthase G3P Pyruvate Acetyl-CoA Citrate (Ooa) Oxaloacetate Ethanol Lactate