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Bio 221 Microbiology Exam 3 Name _______________________ Matching Match the following organelles with their function (1 point each) ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ Contractile vacuoles Nuclear membrane Endoplasmic reticulum Golgi apparatus Lysozomes A. B. C. D. E. contain digestive enzymes expel water secretory protein processing fatty acid synthesis and metabolism and synthesis of secreted proteins contains DNA Match the organelle with its likely microbial origin (1 point each) ____ ____ ____ ____ mitochondrion chloroplast flagellum hydrogenosome A. B. C. D. anaerobic or aerotolerant proteobacterium oxygenic phototroph spirochaete aerobic chemoheterotroph Match the groups of eukaryotic microbes and their characteristics (1 point each) ____ ____ ____ ____ Ciliates Apicomplexans Kinetoplastids Dinoflagellates A. Some photosynthetic members - Pfisteria B. Large mass at the base of the flagella that contain mitochondrial DNA Trypanosome C. Conjugation for sexual recombination and two sets of cilia – somatic and oral - Paramecium D. Have sporozoites, include malaria - Plasmodium Multiple Choice (1 point each) ____ In Archaea, ether-linked lipids are found in A. B. C. D. E. methanogens. halophiles. sulfur-dependent thermophiles. All of the above None of the above ____ The methanogens are the methane-generating bacteria. Which statement is not true of methane producers? A. B. C. D. They They They They use CO2 as the terminal electron acceptor. get carbon out of swamps. are aerobes. are autotrophs. ____ Why are all methanogens fluorescent under ultraviolet light? A. B. C. D. They have the electron carrier F420. Methane is a fluorescent compound. Sodium pumped out by the sodium pump gives off blue light. The combustion of methane gives off blue light. ____ Photosynthetic halophiles use bacteriorhodopsin to A. B. C. D. reduce NADPH from electron donors in photosynthesis. change the configuration of retinal. expel protons outside the cells. maintain high internal salt concentration. ____ Enzymes from thermophiles are A. used in PCR. B. used in laundry detergents. C. cheaper to use because less protein is required for the same amount of activity. D. All of the above ____ Eukaryotes have not acquired chloroplasts without acquiring mitochondria because A. B. C. D. mitochondria give energy for chloroplasts. cells without mitochondria are probably oxygen-sensitive. cells without mitochondria are probably aerobic. they are anaerobic. ____ The cytoskeleton in eukaryotic cells may be used to A. B. C. D. maintain cell shape. move materials around inside a cell. capture prey. all of the above ____ Amoeboflagellates are protozoa with A. B. C. D. a dominant flagellar stage. a unique mechanism of pseudopod formation. both amoeba and flagellate stages in the life cycle. life cycles linked to sexual recombination. ____ The difference between cellular and acellular slime molds is A. B. C. D. cellular types form multicellular spore-bearing structures. cellular types form haploid amoeboe which fuse. acellular types form spores. acellular types form fruiting bodies from one giant multinucleate cell. ____ The “normal” flora of humans is A. B. C. D. constantly changing. commensalistic. the same on every individual. parasitic ____ In general, the primary factor in a pathogen’s ability to cause disease is A. B. C. D. its ability to penetrate cells. its ability to destroy cells. its attachment to cells. localization ____ Removing most of the microorganisms from the respiratory tract would A. B. C. D. lead to better health. have no effect on health. lead to disease. improve digestion. ____ The alternative complement cascade is initiated when _______ is present, whereas a classical complement cascade begins when _______ is present. A. B. C. D. heat; antibody a bacterium; antigen/antibody complex a bacterium; antigen antigen/antibody complex; a bacterium ____ A memory cell A. B. C. D. can react very quickly to an antigen. is short-lived. secretes antibody. could not be a T cell. ____ A virus infected cell might be destroyed by A. B. C. D. mast cells. + CD4 helper T cells. + CD8 cytotoxic T cells. a memory cell. ____ The part of an antibody that has a consistent amino acid sequence and is responsible for its function is the A. B. C. D. E. variable region. constant region. hypervariable region. heavy chain. light chain. ____ PMN or neutrophils A. B. C. D. E. contain lysozomes. can phagocytose. migrate from blood to sites of infection. arrive at infection sites before monocytes. All of the above ____ A CD4 T cell recognizes an antigen when it is presented by A. B. C. D. E. MHC class II. a B-cell. MHC class I. IgD. None of the above ____ Which of the following is false? A. B. C. D. Immunity mainly combats infectious diseases. Immunity may involve both T cells and antibodies. An immune response is always beneficial. Immunity attacks intracellular and extracellular infections. Short answer (variable points) On what is the three-domain concept of life based? Define an extreme thermophile. Name two ways fungi affect human life. How are the four major groups of fungi (zygomycetes, ascomycetes, basidiomycetes and deuteromycetes) distinguished? Why do many eukaryotic microbes have different mating types? What evidence supports the diplomonads and parabasalians as representatives of the “first” eukaryotic organisms (only one piece of evidence)? How do the bacterial populations of the stomach and large intestine differ qualitatively and quantitatively? How do phagocytes such as PMNs destroy bacteria? Why do drug companies target the ergesterol biosynthetic pathway in the design of drugs for combating fungal infections? What are 3 roles for our natural microbiota? Why are babies susceptible to infant botulism from eating honey but most adults are not? What is the function of the SALT system associated with our barrier defenses? Cytokines can have both positive and negative effects on the process of activating immune cells. Why do we need to have negative effectors? In diagnosing an infection, clinicians will sometimes look at the types of antibodies in the patient's serum, looking at the amount of IgM and IgG molecules. Why is this useful information for the clinician? Short essay (6 points each) Please answer 3 of the 4. 6 bonus points possible for answering all 4. Describe 4 ways in which bacteria can avoid being degraded by phagocytic cells The Korarchaota are an interesting “kingdom” of prokaryotes because no members of this group have ever been cultivated in the laboratory. Explain how we know these organisms exist. What procedures were used to find them and what evidence supports placing them in their own “kingdom”? Fungi are an important group of eukaryotic microbes that play a critical role in the carbon cycle by breaking down complex organic polymers. Describe the characteristics of the fungi that distinguish them from the other eukaryotic microbes and what characteristics they possess that are well suited for the degradation of complex polymers such as those found in plant material Write about any topic you spent a lot of time studying but feel was not adequately covered in this exam.