* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download Name - TeacherWeb
Survey
Document related concepts
Cracking (chemistry) wikipedia , lookup
George S. Hammond wikipedia , lookup
Elias James Corey wikipedia , lookup
Asymmetric induction wikipedia , lookup
Ene reaction wikipedia , lookup
Ring-closing metathesis wikipedia , lookup
Strychnine total synthesis wikipedia , lookup
Aromaticity wikipedia , lookup
Aromatization wikipedia , lookup
Homoaromaticity wikipedia , lookup
Stille reaction wikipedia , lookup
Hydroformylation wikipedia , lookup
Transcript
Name Class Date Functional Groups REACTIONS 23.1 Introduction to Functional Groups Essential Understanding Most organic compounds contain chemically reactive components called functional groups. Reading Strategy Compare and Contrast Organizing information in a table helps you compare and contrast several topics at one time, such as the types of functional groups. As you read, ask yourself, “How are they similar? How are they different?” As you read Lesson 23.1, use the compare and contrast table below to differentiate among functional groups. Compound type General structure Functional group halocarbon R—X (X = F, Cl, Br, or I) halogen EXTENSION Write an example for each type of compound based on ethane (C2H6). 345 Name Class Date Lesson Summary Functional Groups A functional group is a chemically functional part of an organic compound. Substituents called functional groups are often attached to hydrocarbon chains or rings. Organic compounds can be classified according to their functional groups. Halocarbons A halocarbon is an organic compound that contains a halogen as its functional group. The general formula of a halocarbon is RX, where X is a halogen substituent. When a halogen is attached to an aliphatic chain, it is called an alkyl halide; when attached to an arene ring, it is an aryl halide. Common names of halocarbons begin with the name of the alkyl or aryl group and end with the name of the halogen with an -ide ending. Substitution Reactions A substitution reaction can be used to introduce functional groups into organic compounds. A halocarbon is produced when a halogen atom replaces a hydrogen atom on an alkane. A catalyst, such as iron, is often used in the halogenation of aromatic compounds. Halocarbons can be converted to other halocarbons, amines, or ethers by similar substitution reactions. Type of reaction General reaction specific reaction R—H + X2 → R—X + HX CH4 + Cl2 → CH3Cl + HCl 2R—X + 2OH− → 2R—OH + X− CH3I + KOH → CH3OH + KI Alkane halogenation Aromatic halogenation Formation of alcohol After reading Lesson 23.1, complete the following questions. Functional Groups 1. Is the following sentence true or false? The saturated hydrocarbon skeletons of organic molecules are chemically reactive. 2. What is a functional group? 346 Name Class Date Use Table 23.1 to answer Questions 3 and 4. 3. Name the functional group for each general structure. a. R—O—R b. R—OH c. R—NH2 4. Name two compound types that have a carbonyl group as a functional group. a. b. Halocarbons 5. What are halocarbons? 6. Give the IUPAC and common names for the following halocarbons. a. CH3—CH2—CH2—Br b. 7. A halogen attached to a carbon of an aliphatic chain produces a halocarbon called a(n) . 8. The second part of a halocarbon common name ends with . 9. Highly halogenated organic compounds have higher because of van der Waal interactions. 10. What uses do halogenated hydrocarbons have? 11. What is an aryl halide? Substitution Reactions 12. Why do reactions involving organic compounds often proceed more slowly than those involving inorganic molecules and ions? 13. Is the following sentence true or false? The products of organic reactions are often a complex mixture of compounds. 347 Name Class Date 14. Organic reactions that involve the replacement of one atom or group of atoms with another atom or group of atoms are called reactions. 15. Label the compounds in this generalized halogenation reaction. R—H + X2 R—X → + HX 16. Hydroxide ions can displace most halogens on carbon chains to produce a(n) . 23.2 Alcohols, Ethers, and Amines Essential Understanding Three of the most important types of compounds with functional groups are alcohols, ethers, and amines. Lesson Summary Alcohols Organic compounds with the general formula R—OH are alcohols. Aliphatic alcohols belong to different structural groups according to the number of carbons attached to the carbon with the hydroxy group. Many alcohols are soluble in water and have high boiling points. Naming Alcohols Type of compound Naming rules Example 1 hydroxy group attached to an alkyl group Name longest chain Drop -e, add -ol Write number at beginning to show where the OH is attached butanol (OH at end) common name: butyl alcohol 2-hydroxy-butane 2 or 3 hydroxy groups attached to an alkyl group Use numbers Add endings -diol or -triol 1,3-propanediol 1,2,3-propanetriol Hydroxy group attached directly to an aromatic ring Use the word phenol Place other attached groups before the word phenol methylphenol diethylphenol Addition Reactions New functional groups can be added to an organic molecule at the site of a double or triple bond. In an addition reaction, a substance is added at the double or triple bond of an alkene or alkyne. Water and halides can be inserted through hydration or halogenation addition reactions. A catalyst is used to enable a hydrogen to be added to a carbon-carbon double bond in a hydrogenation reaction. 348