Download Introduction to Organic Chemistry (aka carbon chemistry)

Introduction to Organic Chemistry (aka carbon chemistry)!!
The PROPERTIES OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS are generally determined by three factors:
a) The carbon skeleton is a very stable, chemically unreactive structure.
b) The presence of double or triple bonds increases the reactivity of carbon skeletons.
c) “Functional groups" which are reactive radicals attached to the carbon skeleton that give organic
compounds their special chemical properties. For example alcohols derive their special properties from
the presence of the -OH group, organic acids possess the -COOH group, etc.
Table 1: The Alkanes: compounds of only carbon and hydrogen with only single bonds
Molecular Formula
Structural Formula
Name
expanded
condensed
H
CH4
CH4
methane
H C
Boiling Point C
-162
H
H
C2H6
H
H
H
C
C
H
H
CH3-CH3
ethane
CH3-CH2-CH3
propane
H
butane
pentane
hexane
heptane
octane
nonane
decane
“Monkeys Eat Purple Bananas” or whatever….
Can you explain the boiling point trend?
-89
ALKYL GROUPS
Closer examination of hydrocarbon molecules shows that many consist of a main long chain or skeleton with
shorter side chains (called branches)'' connected at various points along the main chain. These side branches are
generally called "alkyl" groups.
Complete the following chart.
Parent Alkane
Alkyl Group
Name
H
H
CH4 methane
-CH3
methyl
H C
H
H
C2H6 ethane
H H
H
C
C
H
H H
C
H
H
H
H
C
C
H
H
-CH2CH3
ethyl
H
C3H8 propane
see text for how to name branched alkanes
Types of drawings:
structural formula: shows all atoms and all bonds
condensed structural formula: shows all atoms and only the bonds that are important to help distinguish
compounds. CH2 =O.
simplified structural formulae: the atoms C and H are not written. (like Benzene, draw here)
Draw as many constitutional isomers as possible for hexane, given the following restrictions:
a) 5-carbon main chain
b) 4-carbon main chain with 1 branch only
c) 4-carbon main chain with 2 branches