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CELL RESPIRATION Read chapter 9 in Campbell Directions: For each term make a flash card with the definition on one side and the term on the other side. Key Terms: metabolism anabolism catabolism reduction oxidation redox reactions adenosine triphosphate (ATP) adenosine diphosphate (ADP) adenosine monophosphate (AMP) inorganic phosphate anaerobic glycolysis coupled reactions NAD pyruvic acid fermentation lactic acid ethanol aerobic cellular respiration acetyl-CoA Krebs citric acid cycle FAD chemiosmosis electron-transport chain chemiosmotic gradient Q10 substrate level phosphorylation oxidative phosphorylation Answer the following questions: 1. Define oxidation and reduction in terms of gain and loss of electrons. Indicate whether reducing a substance stores or releases energy in that substance and do the same for oxidizing a substance. 2. Draw an ATP molecule; label the adenine and the ribose portions, and the parts constituting adenosine monophosphate, adenosine diphosphate, and adenosine triphosphate, respectively. Explain how ATP is formed from ADP and inorganic phosphate, and state whether the reaction involved is exergonic or endergonic. Describe the role ATP plays in the transfer of cellular energy. 3. Draw a diagram which points out and name the starting product and the end products of glycolysis; point out the reactions in which phosphates from ATP are transferred to glucose; point out the oxidation-reduction reaction, and point out the two reactions in which molecules of ATP are synthesized. Summarize the ATP production of glycolysis, specifying the number of ATP molecules used to start these reactions, the number of ATP molecules synthesized, and the net gain. 4. Explain what is meant by coupled reactions, and describe how exergonic reactions can be used to push or pull endergonic reactions in order to get them to proceed. 5. Explain why NAD must be regenerated from NADH in order for glycolysis to continue. Next describe how NAD is regenerated in the absence of oxygen. Specify what the end product of fermentation would be in your body cells in the absence of oxygen, and what it would be in yeast cells. 6. Summarize in an equation the conversion of pyruvic acid into acetyl-CoA. Show how two of the six carbon atoms in the original glucose molecule have been released as CO2. Indicate whether or not this reaction is a redox reaction. 7. Draw a diagram of the Krebs Cycle which shows the reactions in which CO2 is produced, specify how many CO2 are produced in each "turn" of the Krebs Cycle, and indicate how many turns of the cycle are necessary to oxidize the four carbons remaining from the original molecule of glucose; point out the redox reactions, and point out the reaction in which ATP is produced. 8. Draw a diagram that traces the pathway the electrons follow as they move down the electron-transport chain. Describe what is meant by a chemiosmotic gradient and explain why this gradient is important. State the approximate number of ATP molecules formed per molecule of glucose resulting from electron transport and chemiosmosis. 9. Sketch a mitochondrion, labeling the outer membrane, the inner membrane, the matrix, and the intermembranal space. Indicate where in the mitochondrion the Krebs cycle takes place, where the electron transport enzymes are located, where the concentration of H+ would be highest, and where the concentration would be lowest. 10. Draw a diagram or table that summarizes the ATP yield from the complete breakdown of glucose to carbon dioxide and water. Indicate how many net ATP are formed in glycolysis, how many via the Krebs cycle, and how many are formed by chemiosmotic synthesis (electron transport). Compare the number of ATP produced from the metabolism of one glucose molecule under anaerobic conditions with the number produced under aerobic conditions. 11. Draw a diagram of the "Metabolic Pathways", which shows how carbohydrates, fats and proteins can be metabolized to yield energy in the form of ATP.