Download CELL METABOLISM - My Anatomy Mentor

CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM
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Equation for CHO metabolism:
C6H12O6 + 6O2
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6 H20 + 6CO2 + 36 (38)ATP + heat
Accomplished by:
– glycolysis
– Krebs cycle
– electron transport system
GLYCOLYSIS
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Series of reversible reactions
Occurs in the cytoplasm
Anaerobic
Overview:
glucose

2 pyruvic acid
2 net ATP formed
(4 total made; 2 used = 2 net)
KREBS CYCLE
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A cyclic series of reactions
Occurs in mitochondria
Oxidative & substrate phosphorylation
Oxygen is used in the associated electron
transport system.
Most ATP formed here by oxidative
phosphorylation
KREBS CYCLE
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Products:
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NADH, FADH2, ATP
By-products of Krebs cycle:
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
CO2
metabolic water
ELECTRON TRANSPORT SYSTEM
 On cristae of mitochondria
 Aerobic - referred to as OP
 Captured electrons brought here by
carriers (NADH, FADH )
 34 ATP
2
Other Processes of Metabolism

Glycogenesis
Formation of glycogen from glucose
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Stored in: liver & muscle
Glycogenolysis
Conversion of glycogen to glucose
Gluconeogenesis
Formation of glucose from non-carbohydrate
sources
Summary of Metabolism
Glucose
Proteins
Lipid
Krebs cycle
 36-38 ATP
 Most by oxidative phosphorylation at ETS
SMOOTH MUSCLE - 1
Appearance
•small;
•spindle shaped;
•uninucleate;
•no striations;
•in sheets;
•no connective tissue coverings
SMOOTH MUSCLE - 2
• Cell Structure
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poorly developed SR
T-system absent - caveolae
actin & myosin present; no sarcomeres
tropomyosin present
troponin absent
SMOOTH MUSCLE - 3
• Contraction
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electrical coupling - gap junctions
pacemaker cells
ATP
calcium important - calmodulin
prolonged - low energy cost - fatigue resistant
multiple stimuli