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Biology I – NOTES - DNA Structure & Function Name: ________________________________ The Structure of DNA •DNA is often called the ______________________________________________________. •In simple terms, DNA contains the instructions for making __________________ within the cell. •Proteins are important. All chemical reactions needed for life depends on ________________________________ which are proteins. •Watson & Crick first discovered the _________________________ structure of DNA in ______________________________. Why do we study DNA? •Its central importance to all life on Earth •Medical benefits such as ___________________________________________________________ •Better food crops: __________________________________________________________________ •CSI: __________________________________________________________________________________ Chromosomes and DNA •Our genes are on our ___________________________________. •Chromosomes are made up of a chemical called DNA. The Shape of the Molecule •DNA is a very long ______________________________. •The basic shape is like a twisted ladder or zipper. •This is called a __________________________________________________. The Double Helix Molecule •The DNA double helix has ___________________ strands twisted together. One Strand of DNA •The backbone of the molecule is alternating _______________________________ •and ______________________________________ sugar •The teeth are ____________________________________ bases. One Strand of DNA •One strand of DNA is a __________________________________ of nucleotides. •One strand of DNA has many millions of nucleotides. Biology I – NOTES - DNA Structure & Function Nucleotides •One deoxyribose together with its phosphate and base make a __________________________________________________. Four Nitrogenous Bases • ______________________ • ______________________ • ______________________ • ______________________ C T A G Two Kinds of Bases in DNA •___________________________________________________________ are single ring bases. •__________________________________________________________ are double ring bases. •__________________________ and ___________________________ are pyrimidines. •___________________________________________________________________________ (pyrimidines) •__________________________ and ___________________________ are purines. •________________________________________________________________________________ (purines) Two Stranded DNA •Remember, DNA has two strands that fit together something like a zipper. •The teeth are the nitrogenous bases but why do they stick together? •The bases attract each other because of ___________________________________________. Hydrogen Bonds •Hydrogen bonds are weak but there are millions and millions of them in a single molecule of DNA. •The bonds between cytosine and guanine are shown in (a) with dotted lines (a) C N C NC C NN NC C C CO N C N N (b) O C OCN CC C C NC NN CN C NC N Biology I – NOTES - DNA Structure & Function •The bonds between adenine and thymine are shown in (b) with dotted lines •When making hydrogen bonds, _________________ always pairs up with _____________ •_____________________ always pairs up with ___________________ Chargraff’s Rule • Adenine and Thymine always join together: A • Cytosine and Guanine always join together: C T G DNA by the Numbers •Each cell has about _______________________________ of DNA. •The average human has 75 ________________________________ cells. •The average human has enough DNA to go from the earth to the sun more than ___________________________ times. •DNA has a diameter of only 0.000000002 m. DNA Replication •DNA replication produces ____________________ molecules from one. •DNA replication begins with an ___________________ that breaks the hydrogen bonds between the nitrogen bases and ____________________________________________________________________________________. • Nucleotides that are floating free in the nucleus bond to the single stands by __________________________. •Each new strand is a complement of the one of the original. • Let’s Practice: Write the complimentary strand for DNA… TGACCGAT ______________________________________________ TGGCCAATATA ______________________________________________ Biology I – NOTES - DNA Structure & Function Protein Synthesis •The basic shape is like a twisted ladder or zipper. •The protein’s “code” is supplied by the DNA in the __________________________________________________. •But proteins are “manufactured” in the ribosomes in the __________________________________________. •STEP 1: _________________________________________________________________________ •STEP 2: __________________________________________________________________________ Protein Synthesis •RNA is a ___________________________________ strand. •The simple sugar in RNA is ___________________________________________. Nitrogen Bases in RNA: •______________________ • ______________________ • ______________________ • ______________________ A G C U (replaces thymine – bonds with adenine) Types of RNA •_________________________________________ brings information from the DNA in the nucleus to the cell’s cytoplasm. •_________________________________________ part of the ribosome that clamps onto the mRNA and helps to assemble the amino acids in the correct order. •_________________________________________ transports amino acids to the ribosomes to be assembled into a protein. Protein Synthesis - Transcription •Process: Enzyme __________________________ the DNA molecule •Free _____________________________________ pair with complementary DNA nucleotides. •When pairing is complete, mRNA breaks away. The DNA rejoins the original strand. The mRNA leaves the ___________________ and enters the ________________________ to join with the ribosome. Let’s Practice: Write the complimentary strand for mRNA… TGACCGAT ______________________________________________ TGGCCAATATA ______________________________________________ Protein Synthesis - Translation 1. Once the newly made mRNA leaves the nucleus, it attached to the ___________________________________. Biology I – NOTES - DNA Structure & Function 2. Ribosomes will “read” 3 nucleotides called _____________________________ in the mRNA code at a time. •Each codon codes for: •____________________________________________________________________ •____________________________________________________________________ •____________________________________________________________________ 3. When the ribosome reads the start sequence ( AUG ), a tRNA molecule comes along with the _________________________________________________ ( UAC ) and the amino acid ( MET ). The anticodon is the complementary sequence. 4. The ribosome then reads the next codons on the mRNA and tRNA transfers the amino acids to build the protein until a “stop” codon is read. Let’s Break the Genetic Code 1. Start with DNA: _________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 2. Write the complimentary strand for mRNA: _________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 3. Identify the codons on the mRNA: _________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 4. Identify the anticodons on the tRNA: _________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 5. Identify the amino acid sequence from the mRNA: _________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Biology I – NOTES - DNA Structure & Function Genetic Mutations •Any change in the DNA sequence is called a _____________________________________________________. •Mutations can effect _______________________________________________, which will be passed on the offspring. •Mutations can effect _______________________________________________, an example of which is cancer. •Everyone acquires some changes to their DNA during the course of their lives. •These changes occur in a number of ways: o o Sometimes there are simple _______________________________ errors that are introduced when DNA replicates itself. Other changes are introduced as a result of DNA damage through ____________________________________ including sunlight, cigarette smoke & radiation. •Our cells have built in mechanisms that _________________ and ___________________ most of the changes that occur during DNA replication or from environmental damage. •Some of these changes occur in cells of the body – such as in skin cells as a result of sun exposure – but are not passed on to children. •Other errors in DNA of cells that produce the egg and sperm. These are called __________________________________________ and can be passed on from parent to child. •There are three types of genetic Mutations: 1. ___________________________________________________________________________________ 2. ___________________________________________________________________________________ 3. ___________________________________________________________________________________ Not All Mutations are Bad •Some result in characteristics that give the organism a great chance of _______________. •Example: ___________________________________________________________________________________. Point Mutation •A change in a single __________________________________ in DNA. •Example: __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ Biology I – NOTES - DNA Structure & Function Frameshift Mutation •A single ___________________________________________ in DNA is deleted or added . •Example: _____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ Inversion Mutation •An entire section of DNA is ___________________________________________. •Example: _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ Causes of Mutations •Spontaneous - Mistake in base pairing during _____________________________________. •________________________________ agent that causes DNA change. Examples, high energy radiation (x-rays), chemicals (dioxins, asbestos, benzene, cyanide, formaldehyde) and high temperatures 4 Types of Chromosomal Mutations •______________________________________ occur when part of the chromosome is left out. •______________________________________ occur when a part of a chromatid breaks off and attaches to its sister chromatid. •______________________________________ occur when part of the chromosome breaks off and is reinserted backwards. •______________________________________ occur when part of one chromosome breaks off and is added to a different chromosome. Biology I – NOTES - DNA Structure & Function