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Learning
How do we learn?
What is Classical conditioning?
• Ivan Pavlov
(Respondent Behavior)
Classical Conditioning
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Unconditioned Stimulus(UCS) = Meat
Unconditioned Response (UCR)=Salivation
Neutral Stimulus = Tone
Conditioned Stimulus (CS) = Tone
 When paired with the unconditioned stimulus
• Conditioned response (CR) = Salivation to
tone
Example
Example
Example
• Father spanks son for swearing.
• Son develops a strong fear of his father.
Father is a(n) _____________?
 Conditioned stimulus
Classical Conditioning
• Acquisition
• Extinction
 Patient riding elevators to extinguish fear of
elevators
What is generalization?
Do you remember?
• Who developed classical conditioning?
• How can you condition a cat to come when
it is time to eat?
• What is the UCS, UCR, CS, and CR
• What is generalization?
What is Operant Conditioning?
• B.F. Skinner (Operant behavior)
• Associating behavior with its consequences
• E.g. Seals in an aquarium doing a trick to
receive a fish.
What does reinforcement do?
• Positive reinforcement
 Increases behavior
 Give something a person wants
• E.g. Vending machine
• Negative reinforcement
 Increases behavior
 Remove an unwanted stimulus
• E.g. Bill cleans up his room to
stop Mother nagging
Pos. & Neg. Reinforcement
What are primary &
secondary reinforcers?
• Primary = Innately reinforcing
Food
 Food & Sex
Want
• Secondary reinforcers
(Conditioned reinforcer)
 Associated with a primary reinforcer
 E.g. Money
Want
Food
Do you want immediate or delayed
Reinforcement?
• Immediate reinforcement is more
motivating
• A smaller check now is immediate reinforcement.
• As opposed to delayed reinforcement
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A larger paycheck at the end of the month.
Lottery payout
Saving for retirement
Social Security at age 62 or 70
What are reinforcement schedules?
• Continuous
 Every time
• Partial (Intermittent)
 Fixed ratio
• $15 for every 3 pages you write
 Fixed Interval
What reinforcement
schedule does a slot
machine use?
What reinforcement
schedule does your
employer use?
• $15 for every hour you work
 Variable ratio
• $15 after varying # of pages
• (You do not know how many pages you
will need to do before you get paid
again)
 Variable interval
• $15 given at various times during the
day
What does punishment do?
• Positive punishment
 Reduces behavior
 Get something you don’t want
• Time out, spanking, or jail
• Negative punishment
 Reduces behavior
 What you do want is taken away ( Television time)
• Problem with punishment
 Creates anger, fear, resistance
 Less effective than positive reinforcers to promote desirable
behavior.
How does shaping work?
• Reinforce closer and closer approximations of what you
want
• Cookies to reinforce quiet play
 Each time they need to play longer to get the cookies
• M&M therapy
• Animal behavior
Do you remember?
• Who developed operant conditioning?
• How does operant conditioning differ from
classical conditioning?
• What is an example of positive and negative
reinforcement?
• What is an an example of five
reinforcement schedules?
• What is an example of shaping?
What kinds of motivation do you have?
• Internal (intrinsic) Motivation
 Hobby - You like doing it
• External (outside) motivation
 Job - You get money for doing it
How does thinking effect your behavior?
• Behavior is not automatically produced by a reward.
• We think about it, and ask:
 How much of the reward do I get?
 What are the chances of getting the reward?
 Is the reward worth it?
What is observational Learning?
• Albert Bandura
• Modeling - Bobo doll experiment
• E.g. Child turning the key to start the car
 (without explicit training)
• Matt using the ATM machine after
watching Dad
Do you remember?
• What do you do because of internal
motivation?
• What do you do because of external
motivation?
• How does cognitive processes (thinking)
effect rewarded behavior?
• What did you learn with observational
behavior?