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03-Heredity & Environment Genes DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) The basis of heredity Chromosome Molecule of DNA Make up chromosomes Humans = 46 (23 pairs) of chromosomes Genes = Section of chromosomes Allele = Slight normal variation in a gene Genome = Code for making an individual 20,000 genes (99% in other creatures also) Genotype = The full set of genes for a specific orgasm organism (entire genetic inheritance) Phenotype What you look like based on your genes Appearance, personality, intelligence Genotype = Hidden in your genes Phenotype = Observable characteristics based on genes – E.g. brown eyes Beginning of life Gamete Sperm Ovum (egg) Each has23 chromosomes (one half of 46) Zygote Single cell from two gametes Male or female? 23rd pair of chromosomes Female = XX Male = XY Twins Monozygotic (identical) twins From one zygote Share 100% genes Dizygotic (fraternal) twins Two sperm penetrating two ova Share 50% of their genes ART = Assisted Reproduction Technology IVF = In Vitro Fertilization Sperm mixed with ova in glass dish Viable embryos implanted ICSI (Intracytoplasmic sperm injection) Intrafallopian sperm injection One cell to many How genes interact Genotype = Entire set of genes (about 20,000) Phenotype = Appearance (blue eyes) and behavior (alcoholic) Genotype to phenotype How genes affect appearance and behavior Genes + Environment = Phenotype (Appearance & behavior) E.g. Alcoholism Genes(Varies in intensity) + Environment (Encourages or discourages drinking) = Result Epigenetic All characteristics are determined by both genes and environment E.g. height and nutrition Additive heredity Some alleles (gene variations) combine to affect appearance and behavior Dominant – recessive heredity Dominate genes are more influential than recessive genes. E.g. Brown eyes (Mother-dominate) + Blue eyes (Father-recessive) = Brown eyed child Being a carrier for blue eyes can effect this Genetic (chromosomal) abnormalities Most often related to age of mother Extra chromosome E.g. Down Syndrome = 47 chromosomes Abnormalities of the 23rd. Pair Humans have 44 chromosomes + one X + an “X” or ”Y” Embryos do not develop without one X Missing chromosome E.g. XO Three sex chromosomes XXY XYY Appear normal until puberty Genetic Counseling Find harmful conditions Affect insurance coverage Jeopardize the marriage