Download Exam 2 Study Guide

BIOL211 Summer 2012
Exam 2 Study Guide
Monday, July 30th
125 points
3 short answer questions – approximately 7 points each
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No complete sentences required, though you can write them if you want
Variable points (denoted next to the question)
You may draw structures as needed
3 genetics problems – 8 points each
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Recommended practice
22 multiple choice questions – 2 points each
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Recommended self-quiz (skip 5, 10, and 12)
1 essay question – 35 points
Plus…a couple points of extra credit
Approximate chapter breakdown:
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20% Lecture 7 – Cell Communication
10% Lecture 8 – Enzyme Energetics
20% Lecture 9 – Cellular Respiration
20% Lecture 11 – Cell Cycle
15% Lecture 12 – Meiosis
15% Lecture 13 – Mendel and the Gene Idea
10% Lecture 14 – The Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance
Example Questions
1. Which of the following statements describes the results of this reaction?
C6H12O6 + 6O2  6CO2 + 6H2O + energy
a. Glucose is oxidized and oxygen is reduced
b. Oxygen is oxidized and water is reduced
c. Carbon dioxide is reduced and oxygen is oxidized
d. Glucose is reduced and carbon dioxide is oxidized
2. Which kind of metabolic poison would most directly interfere with glycolysis?
a. An agent that reacts with oxygen and depletes its concentration in the cell
b. An agent that binds to pyruvate and inactivates it
c. An agent that closely mimics the structure of glucose but is unable to be metabolized
d. An agent that reacts with NADH and oxidizes it to NAD+
3. In a GPCR signal transduction cascade, what were to happen if you inhibit the action of adenylyl
cyclase?
BIOL211 Summer 2012
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
No cAMP would be produced, and protein kinase would not be activated
GDP would not be phosphorylated into GTP, and G protein would be inactive
The GPCR would be prevented from binding to G protein
No ligand could bind to the GPCR
The GPCRs would be unable to dimerize
4. You have lost about 15 pounds of fat on a regimen of strict diet and exercise. Congrats! How did
the fat leave your body?
a. It was converted to heat and released
b. It was broken down into amino acids and released
c. It was converted to feces and eliminated from the body
d. It was released as carbon dioxide and water
e. It was converted to ATP, which weighs less than fat
5. How many gametes can be produced by an organism with the genotype AaBbCCDdEE?
a. 4
b. 8
c. 12
d. 16
e. 32
6. A triploid cell contains three sets of chromosomes. If a cell of a usually diploid species with 42
chromosomes per cell mutates and becomes triploid, the cell would be expected to have which of
the following?
a. 21 chromosome pairs and 21 unique chromosomes
b. 63 chromosomes in 31.5 pairs
c. 63 chromosomes in 3 sets of 21
d. 63 chromosomes, each with three sets of chromatids
7. Native strawberries are diploid. However, cultivated strawberries are usually octoploid (and
sometimes even decaploid!) because polyploid fruits tend to be larger than their native cousins.
Which of the following is true?
a. Cultivated strawberries have been bred to have eight copies of their genome
b. Cultivated strawberries tend to be much smaller than their native counterparts
c. Cultivated strawberries have eight chromosomes versus two for their native
counterparts
d. Cultivated strawberries have eight pairs of chromosomes versus four for their native
counterparts
e. Cultivated strawberries are likely to be sterile
4. (Short answer) Why does anaerobic respiration yield so much less ATP than aerobic
respiration? Include the terms electron transport chain, fermentation, glucose, and pyruvate.
5. (Short answer) Magnesium is an important cofactor in glucose-6-phosphatase. Glucose-6phosphatase is an enzyme important in gluconeogenesis, the biochemical pathway by which
glucose is built up. First, explain what a cofactor is, then explain what would happen if you got
no magnesium in your diet. (Hint: humans produce starch in the form of glycogen).
6. (Short answer) The conversion of fructose-6-phosphate to fructose-1,6-bisphosphate
through the enzyme phosphofructokinase is allosterically regulated by ATP. Considering the
BIOL211 Summer 2012
overall result of glycolysis, would you expect ATP to inhibit or stimulate activity of
phosphofructokinase?
7. (Short answer) Draw out and label each of the steps of meiosis for a diploid organism with a
haploid number of four.
8. (Short answer) What is methylation, and how is it related to epigenetics? Use the terms
euchromatin and heterochromatin, CpG islands, and gene regulatory regions.
9. (Short answer) Explain how adding a phosphate group triggers conformational change in a
protein.
10. (Genetics) A couple goes to a genetic counselor, wondering about the possibility of their
children inheriting X-linked colorblindness. The man is colorblind, but the woman is not.
However, after further testing she finds she is heterozygous for colorblindness. What is the
probability that:
a. Their sixth child will be female
b. Their female children will be colorblind
c. Their male children will be colorblind
Possible Essay Questions
½ to ¾ of a page
1. What is entropy? Explain it using the following terms:
 Exothermic and endothermic reactions
 Heat death of the universe
 Energy of activation, products, and reactants
 Open and closed systems
 Free energy
2. Explain how a GPCR works, starting from ligand binding and ending at cellular response.
3. Explain the process of glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain.
Include the total inputs and outputs of each step, where each step takes place, and how
energy flows through each step. You do NOT need individual names of enzymes and
products/reactants except those listed below. Include the following terms:
 Glucose
 Potential energy, kinetic
energy
 Acetyl-CoA
 ATP synthase, ATP
 Pyruvate oxidation
 Electrochemical gradient
 NADH and FADH2
4. Describe the role of cyclins and Cdk in the cell cycle. Use the following terms:
 Checkpoints
 MPF
 G0, G1, G2, S phase
 Interphase, mitosis
 Oncogenes, tumor-suppressor genes
BIOL211 Summer 2012
Study Guide for Exam 2
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1st law of thermodynamics
2nd law of thermodynamics
Entropy
Energy of activation
Energy coupling
Endergonic, exergonic reactions
Metabolism
Catabolic, anabolic reactions
Substrate
Active site
Competitive, noncompetitive
inhibitors
Allosteric Regulators
Mechanism of action
Rational drug design
Cofactor, coenzyme
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Ligand, receptor
Signal transduction pathway
Phosphorylation cascade
Conformational change
Phosphorylation
Residue
GPCR, G protein
RTK
Ion-gated channels
Phosphatases, kinases
Second messengers
cAMP, calcium ion
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Glycolysis
Krebs/TCA cycle
Redox reactions
Terminal electron acceptor
Chemiosmosis
Oxidative phosphorylation
Proton-motive force
Fermentation
Lactic acid fermentation
Alcohol fermentation
Obligate aerobes
Facultative anaerobes
Obligate anaerobes
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Definition of a gene
Chromosome, chromatid
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10nm fiber, 30nm fiber, beads on a
string
Model organisms
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Cyclins
Cdk
MPF
G0, G1, G2, S phase
Density-dependent inhibition
Anchorage-dependent inhibition
Apoptosis
Roles of Ras and p53 in cancer
Tumor-suppressor genes,
oncogenes
Somatic cell
Germline cell
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Mitosis
Meiosis I and II
PPMAT
Nondisjunction
Kinetochore
Centrosome
Spindle
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Homozygous
Heterozygous
Epistasis
Pleiotropy
Incomplete dominance
Codominance
Polygenic inheritance
X-linked traits
Why men are more commonly
affected by genetic disorders
SRY gene
Inheritance patterns in:
o Hemophilia
o Sickle cell anemia
o Huntington’s disease
o Cystic fibrosis
o Color blindness
o Skin color
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BIOL211 Summer 2012
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Sickle cell anemia providing
resistance to malaria
Aneuploidy
Polyploidy
X inactivation, Barr body
Linked genes
Linkage maps
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Deletion, duplication, inversion,
and translocation in chromosomes
Epigenetics
How methylation creates
euchromatin
Heterochromatin, euchromatin