Download Cancers of the immune system.

Monica Estella and Maria Reyes
Major Functions
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Provides protection from bacterial, parasitic, fungal and
viral infection and from the growth of tumor cells.
Cells have specialized functions; they can engulf bacteria,
kill parasites or tumor cells, or kill viral-infected cells.
http://videos.howstuffworks.com/hsw/6074-disease-defense-the-immune-systemvideo.htm
Organs
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Thymus: immature thymocyte cells also known as prothymocytes
leave the bone marrow and migrate into the thymus; which then
produces mature T- Cells.
Spleen: it’s made up of B cells, T cells, macrophages, dendrite cells
natural killer cells and red blood cells; it cleans the blood and
macrophages and dendrite cells bring antigens to T and B cells ,
which triggers an immune response. Red blood cells are destroyed.
Lymph Nodes: Composed of T cells, dendritic cells and
macrophages. It filters the lymph, and macrophages and dendritic
cells bring antigens to T and B cells, triggering an immune response.
Tonsils: site where lymphocytes are introduced to antigens(chemical
markers) from pathogens.
Bone Marrow: All the cells of the immune system are derived from
stem cells in the bone marrow. The bone marrow is the site of origin of
red blood cells, white cells (including lymphocytes and macrophages)
and platelets.
Cells
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White Blood Cells:five types:
-Neutrophils(NE):have sacs (granules) containing enzymes
that digest bacteria and other microorganisms; process is called
phagocytosis.
- Monocytes(MO): made in the bone marrow; macrophages
and dendrite cells.
- Eosinophils(EO): secrete substances which turn off
chemicals that mediate infections, and can destroy cancer
cells.
- Basophiles(BA): release histamine and other
chemicals that
help dilate the blood vessels when an immune response is
triggered
Lymphocytes(LY): T cells, B cells, and NK cells
T-Cells: responsible for cellular immunity; our defense against
abnormal cells and pathogens inside cells.
- two kinds: T helper: stimulates the activation and function
of both T and B cells.
Cells (cont.)
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- Cytotoxin T-cell: attack foreign cells or body cells infected
by viruses.
Both T cells depend on the lymph nodes and the spleen to get
the message to initiate an immune response.
B-Cells: produce antibodies in response to foreign bacteria,
viruses, and tumor cells; responsible for humoral immunity,
defense against antigens and pathogens in body fluids.
*antibodies attach to antigens, signaling other cells to
engulf, kill or remove from the body.
Natural Killing Cells(NK): kill all cells without prior warning.
Macrophages: white blood cells that engulf the antigens
http://www.educationalvideos.com/the-components-of-an-immune-system
Immunity
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Humans have three types of immunity:
 Innate: everyone is born with, it does not require the body to
identify the potential pathogen before it acts. it protects from germs
that affect animals. It includes physical barriers like the skin, as
well as secretions like tears or mucous.
 Adaptive: active immunity; develops throughout our lives .
Involves lymphocytes and develops as exposure to disease
or vaccination occurs.
 Passive: is “borrowed” from somewhere else and is temporary.
SPECIFIC
RESISTANCE(Immunity):
Responds to threats on an
individualized basis
ACQUIRED IMMUNITY: produced
by prior exposure or antibody
production
ACTIVE IMMUNITY:
Produced by antibodies
that develop in response
to antigens
(Immune Response)
Naturally acquired
immunity: Develops
after exposure to
antigens in
environment
Induced active
immunity: Develops
after administration of
antigen to prevent
disease
INNATE IMMUNITY:
Genetically
determined- no prior
exposure or antibody
production involved
PASSIVE
IMMUNITY:
Produced by transfer
of antibodies from
another person
Induced passive
immunity:
Conferred by
administration of
antibodies to combat
infection
Natural Passive
Immunity: Conferred
by transfer of
maternal antibodies
across placenta or in
breast milk
Immune Response
When an antigen triggers an immune response, it
usually activates both T and B cells. The activation
of T cell( usually happens first), involves active
phagocytes exposed to the antigen. Once activated, T
cells attack the antigen and stimulate the activation
of B cells. Activated B cells mature into cells that
produce antibodies; antibodies in the bloodstream
bind to and attack the antigen.
http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0072495855/student_view0/chapter24/animation__the_immune_response.html
Inflammation
Disorders
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Four main categories:
Immunodeficiency
disorders ( primary or acquired).
Autoimmune disorders(the body attacks itself as
foreign).
Allergic disorders (overreaction to an antigen).
Cancers of the immune system.
Immunodeficiency Disorders
*when a part of the immune system is not working
properly or not present.
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Primary: when a person is born with an immunodeficiency.
Examples:
IgA Deficiency: when not enough
immunoglobulin(present in the saliva and other body
fluids that help guard the entrances to the body) is
produced. People tend to have allergies or get more colds
and other respiratory infections; condition is not severe.
— Severe Combined Immunodeficiency(SCID): A.K.A. “
Bubbly boy disease”. Serious immune system disorder
that occurs because of a lack of both B and T
lymphocytes, which makes it almost impossible to fight
infections.
—
Immunodeficiency Disorders
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Acquired (secondary): develops after someone has a disease, but
can also be a result of malnutrition, burns, or other medical problems;
some medications can also cause problems with the proper
functioning of the immune system.
Examples:
-HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) infection/AIDS
(acquired immunodeficiency syndrome): slowly and
steadily destroys the immune system. It’s caused by HIV;
virus that wipes out certain types of lymphocytes called
T-helper cells.
 Immunosuppressants can reduce the immune system’s
ability to fight infections; chemotherapy attacks cancer
cells and fast-growing healthy cells as well.
Autoimmune Disorders
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The immune system mistakenly attacks the body's healthy
organs and tissues as though they were foreign invaders.
Example:
-- Lupus: a chronic disease marked by muscle and
joint pain and inflammation (the abnormal immune
response also may involve attacks on the kidneys
and other organs)
Allergic disorders
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The immune system overreacts to exposure to antigens
in the environment. The substances that provoke such
attacks are called allergens. The immune response can
cause symptoms such as swelling, watery eyes, and
sneezing, and even a life-threatening reaction called
anaphylaxis. Medications called antihistamines can
relieve most symptoms.
Examples:
~ Asthma: respiratory disorder that can cause breathing problems. Lungs are
oversensitive to allergens like pollen, mold, animal dander etc. The lungs can trigger
breathing tubes in the lungs to become narrowed, leading to reduced airflow and
making it hard to breath.
Cancers
†
Occur when cells grow out of control.
+ Lymphoma involves the lymphoid tissues and is one of the more
common childhood cancers.
+ Leukemia, which involves abnormal overgrowth of leukocytes,
is the most common childhood cancer.
Interaction With Other Systems
System:
System
Immune
Immune
System
Integumentary
Skeletal
Muscular
Nervous
Endocrine
Provide physical
barriers to pathogen
entry; Langerhans
cells in epidermis
and macrophages in
dermis resist
infection and present
antigens to trigger
immune response;
mast cells trigger
inflammation .
Lymphocytes and
other cells
involved in
immune
response are
produced and
stores in bone
marrow.
Protects
superficial
lymph nodes in
the abdominal
cavity.
Microglia present
antigens that
stimulate specific
defenses;
innervation
stimulates
antigenpresenting cells.
Glucocorticoids
have antiinflammatory
effects; thymic
hormones
stimulate
development and
maturation of
lymphocytes; many
hormones affect
immune function.
Provides IgA
for secretion
onto
integumentary
surfaces.
Assists in
repair of bone
after injury;
macrophages
fuse to
become
osteoclasts
Assists in
repair after
injury.
Cytokines
affect
hypothalamic
production of
CRH and TRH.
Thymus
secretes
thymic
hormones;
cytokines
affect cells
throughout
body.
Systems:
System
Immune
Immune
System
Cardiovascu Respiratory Digestive
lar
Distributes WBCs;
carries antibodies
that attack
pathogens; clotting
response helps
restrict spread of
pathogens;
granulocytes and
lymphocytes
produced in bone
marrow
Alveolar
phagocytes present
antigens and
trigger specific
defenses
Provides
nonspecific
defense against
pathogens
Fights infections
of
cardiovascular
organs
Tonsils protect
against infection
at entrance to
respiratory tract
Tonsils defend
against infection
and toxins
absorbed from
tract
Urinary
Reproductiv
e
Eliminates
metabolic wastes
generated by
cellular activity;
acid pH of urine
provides
nonspecific
defense against
UTIs
Lysozymes and
bactericidal
chemicals in
secretions provides
nonspecific
defense against
reproductive tract
infections
Provides IgA for
secretion by
epithelial glands
Fun Facts
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Dieting decreases the NK functionality, thereby weakening the immune system.
While the body needs some sunlight to produce vitamin D, too much sunshine
can suppress the immune system.
Even after just one month of quitting smoking, smokers can strengthen the
immune System
The pupil of the eye expands as much as 45 percent when a person looks at
something pleasing.
Laughing lowers levels of stress hormones and strengthens the immune system.
Six-year-olds laugh an average of 300 times a day. Adults only laugh 15 to 100
times a day.
Every time you sneeze some of your brain cells die.
When you blush, the lining of your stomach also turns red.
If you are right handed, you will tend to chew your food on your right side and
vise versa.
When hippos are upset, their sweat turns red.
The only part of the body that has no blood supply is the cornea in the eye. It
takes in oxygen directly from the air.
Intelligent people have more zinc and copper in their hair.
Women blink nearly twice as much as men.