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(White Blood Cells) Leucocytes Specific – 3rd line Non- specific – 2nd line Blood films – Romanowsky stain Neutrophil Red Blood Cells Eosinophil Macrophage Lymphocyte Basophil Lymphocytes - Types B cells Memory BM Plasma BP T cells Helper TH Cytotoxic TC Immunity Words Antigen – causes an immune response (usually a pathogen) Antibody – protein produced by B cells to destroy specific antigens B cells Responsible for Humoral Immunity Produces antibodies which circulate in the blood and destroy specific antigens Usually effective against pathogens that do not invade cells (eg, bacteria) B cells Memory cells Survive for many years (decades) ‘Remember’ how to make antibodies to a specific disease so that if re-infection occurs, immune reaction is quicker Plasma cells Antibody factories Produce a specific type of antibody Have a shorter life span than memory cells T cells Responsible for Cell-mediated immunity Destroys cells of the body that have been invaded by specific pathogens Destroy cells mainly by phagocytosis or ‘eating’ them and also by activating other immune cells T cells Cytotoxic T cells (TC or TK) Kill cells that contain an antigen Generally kill intracellular pathogens such as viruses Helper T Cells (TH) Activate other T cells and B cells by releasing chemical messengers called lymphokines Triggers white cell replication by releasing cytokines I B B B Pathogens produce specific antigens I Y There are many different types of B cells in our blood which have receptors on their surface that can recognise many different types of antigens I I The antigen will bind to the appropriate B cell, triggering an immune response B I I I I Y I Y The Immune Response B I I I Antibody production B I I I I I B B B I I I I I Memory Cells I I I B I I I B Plasma Cells I I I B I B B I I I I Proliferation I I I Monoclonal Selection Antibodies Antibodies bind to antigens and destroy them by puncturing them and attracting phagocytes and T cells to them Lymphocyte interaction Antigen B Chemical Activation TH BM BP Chemical Activation TH TC TH Directly attack infected cells TC TC Other T cells Two other types of T cells exist: T suppressor cells Natural Killer Cells De-activate immune response when the antigen is gone (opposite of helper cells) Specifically kill tumour cells in a similar way to cytotoxic cells killing infected cells Both cell types are not well understood