* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download Immune Topics - Cathedral High School
Rheumatic fever wikipedia , lookup
Atherosclerosis wikipedia , lookup
Multiple sclerosis research wikipedia , lookup
Immune system wikipedia , lookup
Adoptive cell transfer wikipedia , lookup
Monoclonal antibody wikipedia , lookup
Adaptive immune system wikipedia , lookup
Inflammation wikipedia , lookup
Pathophysiology of multiple sclerosis wikipedia , lookup
Molecular mimicry wikipedia , lookup
Autoimmunity wikipedia , lookup
Ankylosing spondylitis wikipedia , lookup
Innate immune system wikipedia , lookup
Polyclonal B cell response wikipedia , lookup
Cancer immunotherapy wikipedia , lookup
Sjögren syndrome wikipedia , lookup
Hygiene hypothesis wikipedia , lookup
Psychoneuroimmunology wikipedia , lookup
Immune Topics 2nd Year IB Class Inflammation • Inflammation is the a biological response of vascular tissues to harmful stimuli – Pathogens – Damaged cells – Irritants • Attempt by organisms to remove the harmful stimuli and initiate the healing process Diagnosis • Either Acute or Chronic – Acute is the initial response which brings plasma and leukocytes to the area, and is stopped when the injurious stimulus is removed – Chronic is a pathological condition which brings monocytes, macrophages, lymphocytes, and plasma cells which causes both destruction of the cells and subsequent healing Symptoms • Common characteristics: – Redness – Swollen joint that is warm to the touch – Joint pain – Joint stiffness – Loss of joint function • Flu-like symptoms which include: – – – – – – Fever Chills Fatigue/loss of energy Headaches Loss of appetite Muscle stiffness Diagnosis • • • • • • • • • • • • Asthma Autoimmune diseases Chronic inflammation Chronic prostatitis Glomerulonephritis Hypersensitivities Inflammatory bowel diseases Pelvic inflammatory disease Reperfusion injury Rheumatoid arthritis Transplant rejection Vasculitis Treatment • Anti-inflammatory drugs • Removal of the injurious stimulus Common Associated Diseases • Rheumatoid Arthritis – Chronic inflammation of joints and tissue around them • Inflammatory Bowel Disease – Crohn’s Disease: affects any part of gastrointestinal tract (mouthanus) – ulcerative colitis: affects colon and rectum • Inflammatory Pelvic Disease – Affects uterus, fallopian tubes, and/or ovaries – Leads to infertility Lupus About Lupus • An auto-immune disease that can affect various parts of the body including the skin, joints, heart, lungs, blood, kidneys, and brain • Immune system attacks itself because it cannot differentiate between foreign matter and its own cells and tissue – Causes inflammation-the main characteristic of lupus • Mostly a mild disease that only affects a few organs, but may cause serious and even lifethreatening problems Symptoms • A butterfly-shaped rash across the bridge of the nose and cheeks or a scaly, disk-shaped rash on the face, neck or chest • Sensitivity to sunlight. People with lupus often experience severe rashes or sunburns after only a little time in the sun. • Skin ulcers, usually painless, on the tongue or inside the mouth or nose • Arthritis. Persons with the condition may experience joint pain, stiffness and swelling. Organ Rejection In Relation to the Immune System By Jessi Crouse Rejection often occurs as a result of Organ Transplants • The immune system’s natural response is that the new organ is an alien tumor • This causes a battle within the body, naturally the body wants to kill it • The immune system sends B cell antibodies that often attack within minutes. Rejection often occurs as a result of Organ Transplants • There is a brief period before attack after a transplant where the patient feels relieved, but this is quickly disrupted by the T cell lymphocyte attacks (killer T cells) • Upon response, antirejection drugs (often toxic) are dispensed to the patient. ~ One example of this is Cyclosporin - This example is a toxin created from a Norwegian Fugus - It combats the immune system by disabling killer T-cells - Unfortunately, there are side effects such as increased hair growth throughout the entire body as well as growth of gums over teeth - This is the most commonly used and successful anti- rejection drug ANTI-REJECTION DRUGS MATCHING DONORS AND RECIPIENTS Minimal Rejection occurs by taking precautions: - First one needs to match the donor and recipient blood types - Second a close HLA tissue match is needed - The higher the level of antigen matches, the less rejection will occur based on a level from one to six - This is due to the fact that the immune system is more passive to similar body tissue Other reasons rejection can occur are: - Surprising the immune system - Making the error of distributing anti-rejection drugs before the procedure - Or if a woman has been pregnant, often it will treat the new organ growth like a fetus by not attacking/ functioning the immune system in that region this creates a danger of not fighting off future harms that attack the organ Symptoms Cont. • Inflammation of the linings of organs such as the heart and lungs (serositis) that makes breathing painful or causes shortness of breath or chest pain. • Kidney problems, such as inflammation, either without symptoms or accompanied by swelling of the legs, and high blood pressure. • Brain or spinal cord problems, accompanied by headaches, seizures or mental problems. People Affected • 1.5 to 2 million Americans • 90% of people affected are women • In US, more common in African-Americans, Latinos, Asians and Native Americans Rheumatoid Arthritis Natalie Warner • Inflammatory autoimmune disorder that causes the immune system to attack the joints, tissue around joints, and other organs of the body – Autoimmune: body’s immune system mistakenly attacks the tissues its supposed to protect – Body produces specialized cells/chemicals which are released into the • bloodstream to attack body tissues • – Response causes abnormal growth and inflammation in • the synovium, the membrane that lines the joint – Leads to damage of the bone, cartilage, ligaments, tissues, and blood vessels • • • • • • • • • Musculoskeletal Skin Heart Lungs Digestion Kidneys Blood Nervous System Eyes Can last for years without symptoms Progressive Complete joint destruction and loss of function TYPICALLY: 35-50 years of age BUT can occur in children • Cause: uNkNoWn?? – Genetics – Hormones • More prevalent in women! 3:1 ratio • Possible infection by virus or bacterium – Some “bad” antigen stimulates the immune response macrophage presents the antigen to a T-Cell which initiates a response by B-Cells who send antibodies which lead to inflammation The Pathogenesis Of… Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Alexia Burke What is diabetes? • Affects the way our bodies use digested food for energy • The carbohydrates we eat are broken down into glucose and circulated through the blood as the body’s major energy source • In order for cells in muscles and tissues to use this energy, insulin must be present. – Produced in the pancreas • With the right amount of insulin, glucose is either used as fuel or stored in the liver for future use • With diabetes, the pancreas makes not enough insulin or the body does not respond – Glucose build-up occurs in blood and tissues and is excreted through urine • Body loses main source of fuel Insulin-Dependent Diabetes • Accounts for <5% of the people with diabetes in the United States • Typically appears in childhood • The pancreas produces little or no insulin • Person needs daily injection of insulin – (to keep glucose levels from getting too high or low) What does it have to do with the immune system? • In IDDM, the body's own immune or diseasefighting system for some reason turns against the body's own tissues • Substances formed by the immune system attack the beta cells of the pancreas, destroying their ability to make insulin Allergies What is an allergy? • the mobilization of the immune system in response to a foreign substance in the body • Production of the specific antibody immunoglobulin E as a result of genetic predisposition. The Reaction • Macrophages present foreign bodies to helper Tcells • T-cells tell B-cells to make antibodies • B-cells make IgE – The first time, the body makes a specific antibody • IgE binds to mast cells and basophil cells • Mast and basophil cells release chemicals that trigger the allergic response. Reactions to the Reactions! Immediate Hypersensitivity – Example: Sneezing and wheezing after ragweed invasion Late Phase Reaction Mast Cells attract a myriad of chemotactic factors. Eosinophils, neutrophils, and lymphocytes. Factors attract toxic substances, such as leukotrienes and major basic proteins. Evolution Perspective • Many of the chemicals involved in an allergic reaction were historically used as a defense against parasitic organisms. • While the precise reason for allergic dispositions is unknown, scientists have isolated a number of genes that are involved in allergic individuals. An Autoimmune Disease • In Multiple Sclerosis, the body attacks its own myelin sheaths, because the immune system mistakenly reads them as foreign matter Multiple Sclerosis • Affects central nervous system; progressive damage to nerves • Damage to myelin sheaths • The immune system responds, causing inflammation. The inflammation destroys myelin, slows down nerve impulses, and leaves scar tissue • Symptoms: – Partial or total blindness – Tingling or pain in body – Numbness/weakness of limbs – Tremors – Lack of coordination – Dizziness – Fatigue Rh Factor/disease By: Jennifer Frigge and Amber Barlow What is Rh disease • The Rh (Rhesus) is whether a protein is present in the blood. • Rh+ : the protein is present’ • Rh- : the protein is not present • Rh factor is connected to blood type. What is Rh disease continued • Rh disease is a condition cause by an incompatibility between the blood of a mother and that of her fetus. • If the mother is Rh-negative and her baby is Rhpositive some of her fetus’s Rh-positive red blood cells may get into the mother’s bloodstream. • Since these red blood cells are foreign to the mother’s body, it body will respond by producing antibodies to fight against them. Rh Disease and Treatment • Rh Disease is one of the causes of Haemolytic disease of the newborn • It is an alloimmune condition in the fetus, and occurs when the mother creates IgG antibodies that go into the fetus’s circulation through the placenta and attack the fetus’s red blood cells • This can cause reticulocvtosis, anemia, and jaundice • Jaundice: yellowing discoloration of the skin • Reticulocvtosis: increase in reticulocytes [present in anemia] • Anemia: the level of healthy red blood cells (RBCs) in the body becomes too low. -This can lead to health problems because RBCs contain hemoglobin, which carries oxygen to the body's tissues. Rh Disease Treatment BEFORE BIRTH • Intrauterine transfusion • Early induction of labor [pulmonary maturity attained] • Plasma exchange [can reduce circulating levels of antibodies by 75% AFTER BIRTH • Temp. stabilization • Monitoring phototherapy • Transfusion w/ compatible red blood • Exchange transfusion with compatible blood type of infant and mother **Treatment depends on how severe the condition is Facts • Most people are Rh-positive • The health of an Rh-negative person is not affected in any way. – The only way that an Rh-negative person is at risk is if a woman carries a baby that is Rh-positive. The Beauty of ibuprofen Caroline Lemke • Non steroidal anti-inflammatory drug • Created to combat rheumatoid arthritis in the UK in 1969 • Dr. Adams tests (successfully) on a hangover How it works • NonSteroidalAntiInflammatoryDrug • Inhibits cyclooxygenase (COX) which inhibits prostaglandin synthesis – COX-1 – COX-2 • 3 A’s come from COX-2 inhibition – Analgesic (pain killer) – Antipyretic (reduce temperature) – Anti-inflammatory • COX-1 inhibition has different effects – unwanted effects on platelet aggregation – GI mucosa Functions of prostagladin • cause constriction or dilatation in vascular smooth muscle cells • cause aggregation or disaggregation of platelets • sensitize spinal neurons to pain • constrict smooth muscle • regulate inflammatory mediation • regulate calcium movement • control hormone regulation • control cell growth Monoclonal Antibodies Laurel Osgood What Are They? • Antigen-specific antibodies produced from clones of a single parent cell • They can detect or purify specific antigens and can be synthesized for almost any antigen Problems • Myeloma ~ cancer of B-cells – The cancerous cells all produce one antibody (a paraprotein or abnormal protein) instead of different cells specific to different antigens – Results in an inability to fight off most antigens