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A perspective is a way of viewing phenomena Psychology has multiple perspectives: ◦ Behavioral Perspective ◦ Humanistic Perspective ◦ Biological Perspective ◦ Psychoanalytic Perspective ◦ Cognitive Perspective ◦ Evolutionary Perspective ◦ Sociocultural Perspective http://www.freedigitalphotos.net/images/view_ photog.php?photogid=809 This perspective began to account for behavior as a result of previous experiences. Behaviorists believe: ◦ observable behaviors. ◦ behavior is shaped by learning. ◦ surroundings are important Behaviorists emphasize Nurture. Important Behaviorists to remember: ◦ Ivan Pavlov (1849 – 1936) ◦ Nobel Prize winner 1904, physiology of digestion ◦ Using a tuning fork (bell) and meat powder, Pavlov was able to condition dogs to salivate at a sound – a Conditioned Response. http://www.massey.ac.nz/~wwpapajl/evolution/assign2/TM/Pavlov2.html Important Behaviorists to remember: ◦ ◦ ◦ ◦ http://www.all-aboutpsychology.com/little-albert.html John B. Watson (1878 – 1958) All behaviors the result of conditioning and occurs because of stimulus in the environment . Human beings have No Free Will . Controversial experiment on environment and “Little Albert.” Important Behaviorists to remember: B.F. Skinner (1904-1990) ◦ American psychologist at Harvard ◦ studied learning and effect of reinforcement ◦ Walden II – utopian community ◦ Applied his ideas within the realm of advertising and business. http://www.thebirdman.org/Index/Others/Others-Doc-ConspiracyTheory&NWO/+DocConspiracyTheory-MindControl-SoftCore-Media&Schools/BrainwashingAmerica-Livergood.htm Important Behaviorists to remember: Edward L. Thorndike (1874 – 1949) ◦ First to conduct systematic investigation of animal behavior. ◦ positive and negative reinforcement https://behavioranalysishistory.pbworks.com/w/page/37201686/1910s Important Behaviorists to remember: Albert Bandura –behaviorist ◦ Stressed modeling- Humans learn through watching and imitating examples. Example – TV violence and impact on society http://students.cis.uab.edu/sarahlr/bandura.html Humanistic Psychology – ◦ This perspective believes that behavior is based on the need to grow and reach one’s full potential, called self-actualization ◦ Stresses that human nature is active and creative, not just reactive. ◦ Humans can change their environment. http://izettl.hubpages.com/hub/Positive-Psychology-Hope-for-a-Good-New-Year Important Humanists to Know Carl Rogers (1902 – 1987) ◦ Emphasized the concept of Free Will and choice in human behavior. ◦ Believed that people become anxious and unhappy if they are prevented from selfactualization. http://cgjj.wikispaces.com/Theory Important Humanists to Know Abraham Maslow (1908 – 1970) ◦ Needs Hierarchy ◦ Self-actualization (becoming all we can be) is the highpoint of human motivation. ◦ Basis of modern management/organizational behavior theory http://www.abraham-maslow.com/m_motivation/Hierarchy_of_Needs.asp http://psychcentral.com/news/2010/06/04/teen-brainwired-for-risk/14296.html This perspective studies the physiological mechanisms in the brain , endocrine and nervous system that organize and control behavior The focus may be ◦ individual neurons ◦ areas of the brain ◦ specific functions like eating, emotion or learning http://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/learningplay/200912/new-years-resolutionspsychoanalytic-perspective This perspective evolved from the work of Sigmund Freud Some books and resources call this the psychodynamic perspective ◦ behavior reflects combinations of conscious and unconscious influences ◦ drives and urges within the unconscious component of mind influence thought and behavior ◦ early childhood experiences shape unconscious motivations This perspective examines how knowledge is acquired, organized, remembered, and used to guide behavior. http://klik-4all.blogspot.com/2011/05/cognitive-perspective.html http://www.buzzle.com/articles/jean-piagets-theory.html Important people to remember: ◦ Jean Piaget (1896 – 1980) studied intellectual development described how infants, children, and adolescents use different cognitive abilities to make sense of the world. Important people to remember: ◦ Noam Chomsky (b. 1928) studied language acquisition Theorized that humans have an innate ability to learn language. http://citelighter-cards.s3.amazonaws.com/p16nao79mq1rc41hpj1djt1gst1l7t0_33236.jpg This perspective uses the ideas of evolution to explain human behaviors. ◦ Natural selection is a key factor in determining human behavior. http://homepage.psy.utexas.edu/homepage/deptarea/idep/ This perspective studies the psychological differences among people living in different cultural groups and social situations. ◦ How are people’s thoughts, feelings and behavior influenced by their culture? ◦ What are the common elements across culture? Are these innate? http://smu.edu/education/CCCD/conceptualframework.asp The American Psychological Association has more than 50 divisions. ◦ Some represent areas of training and specialization (e.g., developmental, clinical) ◦ Some are applied (i.e., teaching in psychology, psychology and the law) http://www.apa.org/careers/resources/guides/careers.aspx * *This reflects the British system of post secondary degrees. http://www.epsychologist.org/wp-content/uploads/2010/01/Careers-in-Psychology-.jpg http://0.tqn.com/d/psychology/1/0/6/8/psychologist.jpg Clinical Studies abnormal behavior and psychological disorders A psychologist has a masters or doctorate degree in psychology. A psychiatrist is a medical doctor who focuses his/her practice on the biological bases of behavior. Health psychologist ◦ Studies psychological factors in physical health Counseling psychologist ◦ Helps people deal with normal life situations ◦ Helps to provide guidance http://www.buzzle.com/articles/clinical-psychologist-salary-range.html Developmental Psychologist ◦ Studies psychological changes over the life span ◦ Subfields include social, cognitive, and personality http://www.griffith.edu.au/health/school-applied-psychology/future-students/learningabout-my-profession http://www.weac.org/professional_resources/great_schools/news_and_articles/20042005/psychologists.aspx School Psychologist ◦ Provides counseling and guidance in school settings Educational Psychologist ◦ Conducts research to improve student learning and teaching techniques Psychobiologist ◦ Studies the brain and behavior at many levels. ◦ The field often uses animals as research models http://wwwm.coventry.ac.uk/researchnet/CNaP/Pages/CognitionNeurosciencea ndPsychobiologyCNaP.aspx Experimental Psychologists ◦ Basic laboratory focus ◦ Conducts experiments involving both animals and humans ◦ Areas of focus include learning, memory, and motivation http://tweetymom.files.wordpress.com/2008/01/lab-mice.jpg Cognitive Psychologists ◦ Mainly pursue an experimental approach ◦ Areas of research include human memory, perception, etc. http://www.colostate.edu/Depts/Psychology/cognitive/ Social Psychologists ◦ Study social influences on cognition and emotion ◦ Areas include the foundations of specific attitudes and beliefs http://highered.mcgrawhill.com/sites/0073531898/information_center_view0/ Personality psychologists ◦ Examine individual differences in people and their behavior ◦ Also includes differences in perception by others http://www.makingthemodernworld.org.uk/learning_modules/psychology/02.TU.04/?sec tion=11 Industrial/organizational Psychologists ◦ Study people and work ◦ Improve job satisfaction ◦ Design training and selection programs http://georgetowncollege.edu/Departments/psychology/mckenzie/psych365.htm Many other areas and subfields are continually evolving. For the most recent list of career possibilities, search the American Psychological Association.