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* THEORIES OF PERSONALITY
* Biological
* Psychoanalytic
* Social Psychoanalytic (NeoPsychoanalytic)
* Trait
* Cognitive
* Social-Learning
* Humanistic
*
*
*Theorists use biological processes in an
attempt to fill in the gap between personality
and genetics by inferring, theorizing and
researching biological links with behavior.
*
• Ernst Kretchmer (a physician, in 1925)
proposed a correlation of mental disorder with
the three body types: obese, muscular, thin.
*
*Evolutionary theory
*Biological processes
*
*
*Personality are inherited from parent
genes passing the inherited
characteristics
*Biological processes is concerned with
how these genes influence behavior
through the various chemicals within the
brain.
*
*
*Uses endocrine system, rather than brain
processes, to explain personality.
*
*Examples of neurotransmitters that
influence personality includes
Norepinephrine & serotonin
can
*
Temperament: individual differences in
(1) reactivity and
(2) self-regulation
have a long-lasting biological basis.
*
“conscious becoming
aware of the
unconscious…”
Psychoanalytic …
* Accepts
the importance of early childhood
experiences and the unconscious mind.
* Sigmund Freud
* Carl Jung
* Alfred Adler
*
* Basic
tenets:
* Constant struggles
between desire to meet biological urge and
realities of living.
* Unconscious
process influence behavior
*
*
*Born in Moravia, on May 6, 1856
*Lived 78 years practicing in Vienna, Austria and
established a private practice for the treatment of
nervous disorders.
*
*
*Human organisms are selfish beings, existing in a
state of external and internal turmoil. (displaying
aggressive and sexual excesses)
*Dominated by forces outside of conscious control.
*
*Biological determinism vs. Psychological
determinism - Freud emphasized psychological
rather than biological “consciousness knows nothing
of. . . neurons.”
*
* What lies beneath the surface of the unconscious mind??
*ID,
*EGO, and
*SUPEREGO
*
*
* What is TRAIT?
* Traits serve three major functions:
* To summarize, predict, and explain a person’s conduct
*
*Gordon Allport (1897-1967)
*Raymond B. Cattell (19051998)
*Hans J. Eysenck (1916-1997)
 Allport suggested that each individual has a
unique set of personality traits/personal
dispositions
◦ Three categories of traits:
 Cardinal,
 Central,
 Secondary
*
*
* Three sources of data are required to uncover all the major
dimensions of personality:
*L-data
*Q-data
*T-data
*
* Eysenck
* extroversion-introversion
* neuroticism-stability.
* Focus on higher levels of trait organization called types:* Types incorporate lower-level elements (traits)
* Each trait incorporates even lower-order qualities (habits)
*
1. Extraversion-introversion
2. Agreeableness-antagonism
3. Conscientiousness-
undirectedness
4. Neuroticism-stability
5. Openness to experience
*Resulting
from a biological basis &
neuro-psychological functioning within
the environment.
*
* Interviews
* Projection Tests
* Situational Tests
* Self Reports
* Reputational Reports
*
*
* Rejected the idea that the adult personality is formed from
experiences in the first 5 or 6 years of life
* Recognized social and cultural forces that shape individuals
* Psychoanalytic theories emphasize the role of social forces in
shaping personality.
*
*Alfred Adler (1870-1937)
*Carl Jung (1875-1961)
*Erik Homburger Erikson (19021994)
*Karen Horney (1885-1952)
*
*Reasons he broke from Freud in 1911
*Adler assumed that humans are
motivated primarily by social urges
*
*Reasons he broke from Freud in
1913
*Basic disagreement over the
importance of sex drive
*Tired of Freud’s concern with
pathological side of human
nature
*
*No formal stages of
development
*During childhood…
*And a second puberty…
*Individuation
*Meyers-Briggs type indicator
*
*Retained Freud’s model of id,
ego and superego with
modifications
*Described identity as…
*Confusion about identity or
Identity crisis
*
*Trust vs. Mistrust
*Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt
*Initiative vs. guilt
*Industry vs. Inferiority
*identity vs. Role Confusion
*Intimacy vs. Isolation
*Generativity vs. Stagnation
*Ego Integrity vs. Despair
*
• Reasons she broke from
Freud/Psychoanalytic Theory 1941
–Could not accept some of Freud’s
views concerning women
–Did not agree with Freud’s penis
envy
–More focused on social world and
social motivations than Freudians
*
*Emphasizes the self
*cope with emotions and drives on the
inside and the demands of others on the
outside
*Emphasizes the importance of the positive
and goal-oriented nature of humanity
*
*
*
Understand behavior by focusing on the
external contingencies of reinforcement (any
consequence of an action that increases the
probability of that action being executed
again) and punishment (any consequence of
an action that decreases the probability of its
repetition)
*
•Pavlov-
• “ Clasical conditioning
•Thorndike
• "Law Of Effect."
•Skinner
•
"Operant Conditioning“
*
How can these rules of
behavior, derived from
the experiments with
animals be applied to
understanding human
personality?
*
 Skinner
- most of human behavior is driven by secondary
reinforcers, such as money & social praise, which derive their
value from primary reinforcers.
HOW?
Albert Bandura 
self- representations
self-efficacy
*
*
• Focus on
• role of modeling on behavior as well
as the role of social influences,
expectations, and interpretations on
behavior.
*
*
Can a person’s
HOW?
self-efficacy be changed?
*
• Cognitive theory focused on the individual's thoughts as the
determinate of his or her emotions and behaviors 
personality.
*
•Kelly
criticized Psychoanalytic
and behaviorism perspectives.
*individual differences as a
result of how we interpret and
predict the events that affect
us.
*
*
What we think determines
what we do.
*
Some properties of our
thoughts.
*
Techniques can help people
change.
*
*
Ellis interpretation of cognitive model is
often described as the A-B-C process.
According to Ellis, we experience:
*
•Julian Rotter and Walter Mischel
•cognitive factors  determine how
people will react to environmental
forces.
• Mischel
• Cognitive factors  important in
shaping personality.
• How??????
• Also recognize inconsistency of
some behaviors
*
• Inconsistency of some behaviors are
*
*
due to:
Consistency Paradox
Person-Situation Interaction
*
*
*
Humanistic personality theorists
-Abraham Maslow
-Carl Rogers
-Rollo May
*
It encompasses phenomenological and
existential approaches to human nature.
-Phenomenological-Existentialism -
*
 Maslow
 "hierarchy of needs,“
-a series of needs that people need to
satisfy before they could reach their full
potential.
-emphasized on particular needs that
people need to satisfy before they could
become self-actualized.
Self-Actualization
Esteem
Belongingness
*
Safety
Physiological
*
•Influence of psychotherapy:
•the purpose of psychotherapy was to help
patients find their "true selves."
•emphasizing on:
*Unconditional Positive Regard
*Conditional Positive Regard
*
•COURAGE TO BE!
•each person need to take responsibility
for his or her own choices even though
constantly threatened by failure and,
more importantly the possibility of nonbeing (death or dissolution).
•personal growth and self-actualization 
the result of courageously facing one's
anxiety