Download Prescientific Psychology

An Introduction to the stuff you will
be learning this year.
What is it?
Psychology
Do our feelings always match our behaviors?
If you call me stupid,
I may feel sad or
insecure
But I will
still act
tough.
(even though
I will be
crying on the
inside, so be
gentle).
Psychology’s History
Prescientific Psychology
– Socrates
– Plato
dualism -
- some ideas
–
Aristotle
monism -
- knowledge results from memories of
past experiences
- mind is a
Psychology’s Roots
Prescientific Psychology
• Rene Descartes –
–
• Francis Bacon –
• John Locke –
–
• Empiricism –
Psychology’s Early Debates
1. Mind and Body Connect v. Separate
2. Nature v. Nurture
•Innate v. Learned
Think Pair Share
• Which of the early thinkers of psychology do
you think had the greatest effect on today’s
psychology? Why?
History of Psychology
• Psychology has gone through 5 different
historical eras or changes in how scientists
view the mind and behavior…aka…
• Psychological Perspectives – a mental view
of how scientists explain the mind and
behavior
5 Historical Periods of
Psychology
1. Introspection
– Structuralism
– Functionalism
2.
3.
4.
5.
Gestault
Psychoanalytic
Behaviorist
Biopsychosocial -
One: Introspection
• 2 schools - Structuralism and
Functionalism
• Structuralism
–
– Explored structural elements
» Introspection -
to study inner sensations and
mental images
– Example:
IA: Structuralism
– Wilhelm Wundt
– Experiment:
– G. Stanley Hall (Baltimore)
– Edward Titchner (Cornell)
• Student of Wundt
– Example:
IB: Functionalism
• Functionalism –
– Emphasized the purpose or function of mental
processes
•
added the importance of the environment
• Wm. James
• Mary Calkins
• Margaret Floy Washburn
Think Pair Share
1. With your table, discuss the limitations of
“introspection” and explain why current
psychological researchers would be unlikely
to use introspection to gather data.
2. William James developed his theory of
functionalism around the same time Charles
Darwin was developing the theory of
evolution. How do you think Darwin's theory
influenced James' theory of functionalism?
Two: Gestalt Psychology
• Focused on human perceptions of the world
•
– Led by Max Wertheimer
=
This may seem like
one picture, but it can
be perceived as 2
different faces. Can
you find them?
Rules
for how
we
organize
what we
see
Three: Psychoanalysis
• Psychoanalysis - Freud’s theory of
personality development and also his
treatment of disorders
– Behavior is driven by
• Unconscious –
• defense mechanisms – tactics that reduce
anxiety by distorting reality
Four: Behaviorism
• Behaviorism –
• Ignored Introspection and psychoanalysis and all mental
process
– Believe behavior is
– Classical Conditioning –
– Pavlov – experiments on dogs learning to salivate at sound of
a bell
– John B. Watson – experimented on “Little Albert learned
that emotions (fear) can be learned
– Operant Conditioning – voluntary learning
• B.F. Skinner – experimented on pigeons and rats, learned that
animals learn from reinforcements and punishments
– Observational Learning
• Bandura – animals learn by watching others
Five: Eclectic
Biopsychosocial
Approach
th
• We are now in the 5
variety.
era.….which is about
• Psychologists pick and choose what theories to
use depending on the situation and the client.
Kind of like a smorgasbord..lots of variety,
you pick what you want to eat
Modern Psychology’s Three Main
Levels of Analysis
• Levels of Analysis
– Biological
– Psychological
– Social-cultural
• Biopsychosocial Approach - integrated
approach that incorporates biological,
psychological, and social-cultural levels of
analysis.
• Evaluates both
• Evaluates both
Psychology’s Three Main Levels of
Analysis
Wave 5 -Biopsychosocial
Approach is made up of 7
different perspectives.
Psychologists today, pick and choose from
about 7 schools or perspectives of
thought to help you with your problems.
Thus we have:
THE SEVEN MODERN SCHOOLS OF
PSYCHOLOGY
Biopsychosocial Approach
7 MODERN SCHOOLS OF PSYCHOLOGY
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Biological/Neuroscience
Psychodynamic
Behaviorist
Cognitive
Evolutionary
Humanist
Social-Culture
1. Biopsychology (Neuroscience)
Perspective
– View of Mind and/or Behavior
• Biological basis –
– To change behavior:
•
Let us imagine for a second that your dog died
(sad but it will happen). You become
depressed. You stop eating and sleeping.
What would a psychologist from this school say
is going on and how might they help you?
2. Evolutionary Perspective
• View of Mind and/or
Behavior:
–
– Over time, we adapt to
our environment, we
change
– Based on the ideas of…
How could this behavior ensured
Homer’s ancestors survival?
3. Psychodynamic Perspective
• View of Mind
and/or Behavior:
•
• To change behavior:
If a man has
intimacy issues
and cannot form
relationships
with others.
What do you
think someone
from this school
may think?
4. Behavioral Perspective
Pretend that you
fail psychology
class. You become
depressed. In turn,
you begin to binge
and gain weight.
• View of Mind and/or
Behavior:
–
What do you think a
behaviorist may do?
– No focus on mind.
Why?
• To change behaviors:
5. Humanist Perspective
• View of Mind and/or Behavior:
–
– Our “ideal self” (the person we want to be) not
matching our “actual-self” (the person we really
are)
– Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow.
•
•
• To change behavior:
–
I possess
the
resources to
grow
6. Cognitive Perspective
• View of Mind and/or
Behavior
You meet a girl…
Hopes are high!!!
• To Change Behavior:
She flat out
rejects you…
How do you react to the rejection?
7. Social-Cultural Perspective
• View of the Mind and/or
Behavior:
–
• Examples:
• To change behavior:
•
Examples of the
Biopsychosocial Approach
• How would a psychologist approach
someone who is obese and is having
difficulty losing weight?
• What are some of the possible causes
and solutions?
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Psychology’s Big Debate
• Nature Versus Nurture
– Are our behaviors/traits influenced
more by our genes (nature) or by our
experiences (nurture)
• Examples
Fields of Psychology
Applied V. Basic Research
• Applied Research –
goal is to solve
practical problems
– Example:
Research on
drug therapies
to treat
depression
• Basic Research –
goal is to increase
knowledge of field.
– Example:
Theory that
depression is
caused by, among
other things,
chemical
imbalances in the
brain
Psychology’s Subfields
• Psychometrics –
–
measurement of human abilities.
Ex. Creates aptitude tests like SAT, personality questionnaires
• Basic Research –
knowledge of the field.
research in psychology to increase our
– Examples:
• Developmental psychology- change throughout
the human life span (develop, grow, age)
• Educational psychology – how psych processes
affect teaching and learning
• Personality psychology – individual traits
• Social psychology - how humans relate to one
another
Psychology’s Subfields
• Applied Research – using what you’ve learned to help others
– Examples
• Industrial/organizational psychology –
• Human factors psychology –
• Counseling psychology –
• Clinical psychology –
• Psychiatry –
• Community Psychology –
Psychology’s Subfields
• Applied Research – using what you’ve learned to help others
– Examples
• Community Psychology
• Forensic Psychology
• School Psychology
• Sports Psychology