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Behavior Modification The Start to a Better You Brenda Hatley Trisha Abad Ana Maria Barrera Charles Charanghat What we will be covering: • What is a Personality? • Theories of Human Behavior • Behavior Modification Programs Behavior Modification Model • “Any Dog Can Become an Elephant” • Tips and Suggestions • Group Activity Psychological Perspective • Behavior as a component of personality – Personality is made up of 3 factors: 1. Values 2. Attitudes 3. Behavior Values • Abstract concepts of importance that are made tangible through objects that symbolize their value – Education- symbolized by books and diploma • Adopt early in life by emulating figures of authority – Parents, siblings, school teachers • Hierarchy of values (Milton Rokeach, 1972) – Two levels 1. Instrumental values • “core” to the meaning of the individual • Important constructs that lend support to the core values 2. Terminal values Attitudes • Each value may carry with it hundreds of attitudes • Beliefs, perceptions, and feelings based on a specific value – Often expressed as opinions • Can be positive or negative – Negative attitudes are associated with perceived stress Behaviors • Physical manifestations of an attitude based on a specific value – Clapping your hands at the end of a concert • Any action, direct or indirect, that is based on a conscious or unconscious thought • Have been shown to be the most likely modified or favorably altered factor to improve health status Theories of Human Behavior • Behavior Modification – Classical Conditioning (Ivan Pavlov) • Behavior is specific to physiological autonomic functions • Animals become conditioned to specific stimuli to act a specific way – Dogs salivate when they hear bell associated with food – Running water and going to the bathroom Theories of Human Behavior (cont’d) • Operant Conditioning (B.F. Skinner) – Voluntary behaviors that we have conscious control over – Good behavior rewarded and bad behavior is disciplined • Positively reinforced = repeated behavior • Punishment = deter unbecoming behavior Theories Of Human Behavior (cont’d) • Modeling (Imitation) – The ability to imitate our behaviors from the observation of others • No direct reinforcement is given Behavior Modification Programs • Negative Health Habits – Alcoholism, eating disorders, smoking • Behavioral Addictions – Workaholic, shopping • Lifestyle improvement changes – Time management and assertiveness • GOAL: Building and maintaining self-esteem Behavior Modification in the Treatment of Obesity • The assessment of behavior modification was carried out in a day-care program for the treatment of obesity. • Duration of treatment was 3 months. • Thirty-two patients, all at least 20% overweight, comprised the study group. • Median age of the behavior therapy patients was 39 (range 22-61); that of the control group was 44 (range 15-61). Steps of Experiment: 1. Description of the Behavior to be Controlled Patients were asked to keep a daily log of what they ate. 2. Modification and Control of the Discriminatory Stimuli Governing Eating Patients were asked to eat in only one location, to use triggers like uniquely colored table settings, and to only eat during meal times 3. Development of Techniques which Control the Act of Eating To become more aware of the speed of their eating, patients were asked to count their bites and to put down their utensils every third bite. 4. Prompt Reinforcement of Behaviors which Delay or Control Eating Implemented positive and negative reinforcement. • • Positive: points were earned for sticking to the program which earned a monetary prize. Negative: after eating a snack food patients were to drink caster oil Effectiveness • Each of two groups treated with behavior modification lost more weight than a matched control group treated with traditional group therapy. • 13% of the patients treated by behavior modification lost more than 40 pounds and 53% lost more than 20 pounds, results which rank with the best in the medical literature. • We conclude that behavior modification may represent a significant advance in the treatment of obesity. – Sydnor B. Penick, MD, Ross Filion, PhD, Sonja Fox and Albert J. Stunkard, MD The Behavior Modification Model • One Precursory Phase (Denial) – • Refuse to admit to their unhealthy behavior Five Distinct Systematic Stages 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Awareness Desire to Change Cognitive Restructuring Behavioral Substitution Evaluation Five Distinct Systematic Stages 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. • • • • • • • • • Awareness Learning to become aware of a specific behavior in the effort to change it • Stress-producing habits Desire to Change No change will occur without it “hit bottom” Cognitive Restructuring Catch yourself in the act and think of new alternative Self-dialogue recognizing current and pending behavior Behavioral Substitution Substituting a new (positive) behavior for a less desirable one Not just substitution, but addition to behavior Evaluation “Step back” See what worked/didn’t work and fine-tune the process So Remember: Any Dog Can Become an Elephant! • Awareness • Desire to Change • Cognitive • • Restructuring Behavioral Substitution Evaluation Tips and Suggestions • Journal Writing • Behavioral Substitution (Mental Imagery) • Relaxation techniques may be additions to behavior substitutions • Alter one behavior at a time • Do Not wait until January 1st