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Transcript
Is astrology a science? Behaviorism Arose out of an attempt to make psychology a science. Focuses on what is observable and measurable -- namely, behavior. Why do they act like that? Test anxiety Pencil tap Overly competitive Class clown Use pencil sharpener Boys mean to girls they like (visaversa) Shy/withdrawn Acting tough Cough during silence Copy cat behavior/group think Teacher’s pet Talk without raising hand Dealing with CC Dealing with OC Go to same seat Cheating Excuse for leaving class Can’t leave other kids alone Class clown Sleeping Answer every question/talk a lot Refusal to participate Can’t stay still Trouble maker Doesn’t write down anything. Get up and down all the time. PDA Bad behavior for student teacher Reactive student Passing notes Teacher’s pet Talker Shy Inappropriate behavior/PDA Classical Conditioning A useful principle of learning for understanding how reflexive (i.e., automatic, unreflective) learning occurs. But not so useful for understanding intentional learning or complex learning. Pavlov's Experiments (1) Pavlov's Experiments (2) Pavlov's Experiments (3) Examples of CC in education? UCS Meat Salivate CS Bell UCR CR Salivate Example of CC Bud Light Commercial Dealing with classically conditioned behaviors How could you understand test anxiety in terms of classical conditioning? Are there behaviors on our list that can be explained by classical conditioning? How could you change the conditioning pattern? Eliminating Classically Conditioned Behaviors Extinction Counterconditioning Systematic desensitization. Operant Conditioning A useful principle of learning for understanding observable, behavioral forms of learning. But not so useful for understanding such things a complex, mental processes. Operant Conditioning Operant conditioning is basic common sense: If a behavior is reinforced (i.e., rewarded in some way), it is more likely to be repeated (its occurrence will increase). If a behavior is punished in some way, it is less likely to be repeated (its occurrence will decrease). The problem is, we always mess up by reinforcing behaviors we DON’T want and punishing behaviors we DO want. Conditions needed for Operant Conditioning Individual must make a response. Reinforcer must follow the response. Reinforcer must be contingent on the response. Types of Consequences Desirable Add Positive something Reinforcement (behavior increases) Undesirable Positive Punishment (behavior decreases) Remove Negative Punishment Negative something (behavior decreases) Reinforcement (behavior increases) Operant Conditioning at Work! Are there behaviors on our list that could be explained in terms of operant conditioning? Eliminating unwanted behavior Extinction Stop rewarding the behavior! Reinforce Ex. an incompatible behavior To eliminate speaking out of turn, reinforce hand raising. Shaping Reinforce a series of behaviors that increasingly resemble the terminal (desired) behavior. Applied Behavior Analysis Basic assumption of Applied Behavior Analysis: All deviant behavior is the result of environmental conditions - we are who are we are because we’ve been conditioned to be that way. With enough effort, we can identify the cause of the deviant behavior and change the environment so that the deviant behavior is eliminated. Applied Behavior Analysis Identify current and target behaviors in observable, measurable form. Identify environmental causes for the problem. Develop and implement an intervention plan that: Changes the problematic setting events. Eliminates reinforcement of problem behavior. Shapes and reinforces appropriate behavior. Measure before, during, and after to monitor progress. Revise as necessary. Fade out the intervention. Direct Instruction (DI) QuickTime™ and a H.264 decompressor are needed to see this picture. Direct Instruction (DI) What are the defining qualities of DI? How does it relate to the principles of CC and OC? What kind of learning does DI address? What is your opinion of DI? Classical vs. Operant Cond. Classical Conditioning Operant Conditioning Stimulus precedes response. Involuntary Response precedes stimulus. Voluntary (sort of) Both can be taking place at the same time. Critique of Behaviorism What are the strengths/weaknesses of this perspective? What happens when rewards stop? Is it problematic that other people and the environment are seen as the cause of behavior? Do humans operate according to natural laws in the same way that physical world operates according to natural laws (e.g., laws of physics)?
