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Download Review Unit 12 Disorders 2014-2015
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Myers’ Psychology for AP-Unit 12 Review David G. Myers PowerPoint Presentation Slides by Kent Korek Germantown High School Additions and Changes to PP by Loretta Merlino Worth Publishers, © 2010 *AP is a trademark registered and/or owned by the College Board, which was not involved in the production of, and does not endorse, this product. How to define psychological disorders? • 1.ongoing patterns of thoughts, feelings and actions that are • 2. deviant from norm (culture and context)ADHD as example • 3. distressful to self and others • 4. maladaptive/dysfunctional to everyday activities Primary Prevention of Disorders (or of a social problem)= Preventing Disorders (or the social problem) from Developing Community Psychologists design programs that prevents the development or start of social problems Understanding Psychological Disorders (aka-Psychopathology) 1. Middle Ages-devil, possession 2. Medical Model (Philippe Pinel -1745 to 1826; Dorthia Dix) 3. Biopsychosocial model- Current The Biopsychosocial Approach to Psychological Disorders Classifying Psychological Disorders DSM 5=Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders –description of symptoms and courses of disordersdoes not give treatment Con=Increase in disorders and those diagnosed since 1950. Pro=Overall, it is helpful in diagnosing – DSM-5 in 2013 • International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10) Labeling Psychological Disorders-criticizms • Rosenhan’s study (p 567-568) shows: 1. Power of labels 2. Preconception can stigmatize • Stereotypes of the mentally ill (Silence of the Lambs) • Self-fulfilling prophecy Disorder Classes 1. Anxiety Disorders 2. Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) 3. Obsessive-compulsive disorder 4. OCD Related Disorders 5. Somatic Symptom Disorders (Previously Somatoform Disorders) 6. Dissociative Disorders 7. Mood Disorders 8. Symptoms of Schizophrenia 9. Personality Disorders 1. Anxiety Disorders • Anxiety disorders –Generalized anxiety disorder –Panic disorder –Phobia (1.specific-includes agoraphobia, snakes, heights, etc..and 2.social anxiety disorder-previously social phobia) Related Disorders • • • • 2. -Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) 3. -Obsessive-compulsive disorder Obsession=repetitive thoughts Compulsion= repetitive actions (soothes the anxiety of the thought) 4. OCD Related Disorders (has anxiety and repeating behaviors): Hoarding disorder Excoriation (skin picking) Trichotillomania (hair pulling) Body dysmorphic disorder Understanding Anxiety Disorders The Learning Perspective • Fear conditioning -Classical Conditioning –Stimulus generalization –Reinforcement (Operant Conditioning) • Observational learning Understanding Anxiety Disorders The Biological Perspective Afraid of things that can harm us= (preparedness hypothesis) -obsessive acts protect (checking, washing) – Glutamate(neurotransmitter) regulated by genes; too much glutamate leads to over activity in brain’s alarm centers 5. Somatic Symptom Disorders (Previously Somatoform Disorders) • Somatic Symptom disorders (manifesting a psychological problem through a physical disorder) Somatic=body – 1. Conversion disorder-very specific physical symptoms (paralysis) -no physiological reason; no sense of urgency from one who suffers – 2. Illness Anxiety Disorder (previously hypochondriasis)-interprets normal physical sensations as disease-goes to doctors for it, talks about it, etc… 6.Dissociative Disorders • Dissociative disorders-rare; due to extremely stressful situations • Dissociate =to become separated 1. Dissociative (psychogenic) Amnesia With or without dissociative fugue/psychogenic fugue 2.Dissociative identity disorder (DID) due to SEVERE ABUSE – Two or more distinct personalities, can be observed or self reported (a.k.a. Multiple personality disorder) Understanding Dissociative Identity Disorder • Genuine disorder or not? • DID rates (increase in) lead some to believe it is: Therapist’s creation • Differences from culture to culture are too great 7.Mood Disorders • Mood disorders (a.k.a Affective Disorders) 1.Major depressive disorder (a.k.a Unipolar Depression) Most Common Mood Disorder/Disorder Present for a least 2 weeks; can be result of event (family death) 2. Bipolar disorder (formally, Manic Depressive Disorder) 3. Disruptive mood deregulation disorder (similar to bipolar but for children and teens) 4. Seasonal Affective Disorder change in daylight hours in winter/spring causes circadian rhythm disturbance , sleep less due to serotonin changes-serotonin impacted by sun light-treatment phototherapy (boosts serotonin levels in brain) Dysthymia/ Dysthymic Disorder= mild but long term depression Suicide and Depression 1. Common for people who commit suicide to have talked about it 2. Women attempt more; men more likely to die from attempts due to more lethal means 3. most common causes of death among young people 4. attempted NOT only by people who are depressed. Understanding Mood Disorders • Women more vulnerable to major depression than men • Most major depressive episodes selfterminate Bipolar Disorder • Bipolar Disorder=(formally Manic Depressive Disorder)Mania & Depression –Mania (manic) • Overtalkative, overactive, elated, little need for sleep, risky behaviors, invincible….. “What goes up, must come down” – Men and women affected equally Understanding Mood Disorders The Biological Perspective • Genetic Influences – Mood disorders run in families • Heritability (1 in 2 that identical twin of one with mood disorder will be affected) • Overall hereditability is 35 to 40% Linkage analysis (analyze genes for genetic causes of illness or disorders) : with depression, many genes work together with other environmental factors to put people at risk) Understanding Mood Disorders The Biological Perspective • The depressed brain: Hippocampus (memory-processing) linked with emotions circuits and vulnerable to stress Biochemical influences-two neurotransmitters involved: 1. Norepinephrine (increases arousal and boosts moods) is low during depression and high during mania 2. Serotonin (mood, hunger, sleep, arousal) scarce during depression- REMEMBER THIS AS THE MAIN MOOD/DEPRESSION Neurotransmitter Understanding Mood Disorders The Social-Cognitive Perspective • Negative Thoughts and Moods Interact – Self-defeating beliefs • Learned helplessness (Martin Seligman) • Over thinking (to ruminate) – Explanatory style (how one explains events in one’s life) view (Seligman-dog research) Understanding Mood Disorders The Vicious Cycle of Depression -p.589 Biopsychosocial Approach to Depression-pg. 465 8. Symptoms of Schizophrenia • Schizophrenia (split mind)-split from reality, with • 1.disorganized thinking (Delusions), • Delusions of persecution (others out to get me/recording meparanoid) • Word Salad • Delusions of Granduer (I am Jesus) • 2. disturbed perceptions (Hallucinations) Visual and Verbal (more common) 3. inappropriate emotions/actions – Flat affect (lack of emotions)verses heightened emotions – Catatonia/catatonic= no movement; Can have Waxy flexibility (or) -constant senseless emotion – Disruptive social behavior ( Schizophrenia is a psychotic (break from reality) disorder with irrationality and lost contact with reality Onset and Development • Statistics on schizophrenia: 1 in 100 people; 24 million across the world • Onset –entering into adulthood, all cultures, slightly more often in men (struck younger) • Positive (hallucinations, disorganized speech, laughing, tears or rage)versus negative symptoms (toneless voices, expressionless, mute, rigid bodies) • Positive symptoms= presence of inappropriate behaviors • Negative Symptoms=absence of appropriate behaviors • Chronic (aka-process) schizophrenia=slow onset: recovery doubtful • Acute (aka-reactive) schizophrenia=sudden onset: recovery more likely Understanding Schizophrenia Brain Abnormalities (copy all) • Dopamine Overactivity/hypothesis-have excess dopamine receptors; this intensifies brain signals and creates positive symptoms (hallucinations and paranoia) dopamine overactivity Over reaction to irrelevant stimuli Understanding Schizophrenia Brain Abnormalities • Maternal Virus During Pregnancy Studies show: –Possible Influence of the flu during pregnancy Understanding Schizophrenia Genetic Factors • 6 in 10 chance for identical twins due to shared placenta • Child whose parent has it , has increased risk • Genetic predisposition and the Diathesis-Stress Model/ Vulnerably Stress Hypothesis= Environmental stressors can provide circumstances that trigger the disorder; explains why not all Identical twins share disorder 9. Personality Disorders • Personality disorders=disruptive, inflexible, enduring behavior patterns that impair social functioning – Anxiety cluster: Dependent (very needy) Obsessive Compulsive (order and control, perfectionist) Avoidant (oversensitive to criticism avoids social situations) - Eccentric cluster: Paranoid (others out to get them) Schizoid (No social relationships) – Dramatic/impulsive cluster: Histrionic (center of attention, dramatic, emotionally shallow) Narcissistic (exaggerated belief of importance, arrogant) Personality Disorders *Antisocial personality disorder –Previously Sociopath or psychopath Understanding Antisocial personality disorder • Typically male • Lack of consciousness for wrongdoing, even towards family and friends, apparent by age 15 (in non adults, it is called Conduct Disorder): Lies, steals, fights, unrestrained sexual behavior; Half of these children become antisocial adults Antisocial personalities feel and fear little WHY??? Pp. 597-598 Differences in the brains frontal lobe that controls aggressive/impulsive behavior