Download Review Unit 12 Disorders 2014-2015

Myers’ Psychology for AP-Unit 12 Review
David G. Myers
PowerPoint Presentation Slides
by Kent Korek
Germantown High School
Additions and Changes to PP by Loretta Merlino
Worth Publishers, © 2010
*AP is a trademark registered and/or owned by the College Board, which was not involved in the production of, and does not endorse, this product.
How to define psychological disorders?
• 1.ongoing patterns of thoughts,
feelings and actions that are
• 2. deviant from norm (culture and
context)ADHD as example
• 3. distressful to self and others
• 4. maladaptive/dysfunctional to
everyday activities
Primary Prevention of Disorders
(or of a social problem)=
Preventing Disorders (or the social
problem) from Developing
Community Psychologists design
programs that prevents the
development or start of social
problems
Understanding Psychological Disorders
(aka-Psychopathology)
1. Middle Ages-devil, possession
2. Medical Model (Philippe Pinel -1745 to 1826; Dorthia
Dix)
3. Biopsychosocial model- Current
The Biopsychosocial Approach
to Psychological Disorders
Classifying Psychological Disorders
DSM 5=Diagnostic and Statistical Manual
of Mental Disorders –description of
symptoms and courses of disordersdoes not give treatment
Con=Increase in disorders and those diagnosed
since 1950.
Pro=Overall, it is helpful in diagnosing
– DSM-5 in 2013
• International Classification of Diseases
(ICD-10)
Labeling Psychological Disorders-criticizms
• Rosenhan’s study (p 567-568)
shows:
1. Power of labels
2. Preconception can stigmatize
• Stereotypes of the mentally ill (Silence of the
Lambs)
• Self-fulfilling prophecy
Disorder Classes
1. Anxiety Disorders
2. Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
3. Obsessive-compulsive disorder
4. OCD Related Disorders
5. Somatic Symptom Disorders
(Previously Somatoform Disorders)
6. Dissociative Disorders
7. Mood Disorders
8. Symptoms of Schizophrenia
9. Personality Disorders
1. Anxiety Disorders
• Anxiety disorders
–Generalized anxiety disorder
–Panic disorder
–Phobia
(1.specific-includes agoraphobia,
snakes, heights, etc..and 2.social
anxiety disorder-previously
social phobia)
Related Disorders
•
•
•
•
2. -Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
3. -Obsessive-compulsive disorder
Obsession=repetitive thoughts
Compulsion= repetitive actions (soothes the
anxiety of the thought)
4. OCD Related Disorders (has anxiety and
repeating behaviors):
Hoarding disorder
Excoriation (skin picking)
Trichotillomania (hair pulling)
Body dysmorphic disorder
Understanding Anxiety Disorders
The Learning Perspective
• Fear conditioning
-Classical Conditioning
–Stimulus generalization
–Reinforcement
(Operant Conditioning)
• Observational learning
Understanding Anxiety Disorders
The Biological Perspective
Afraid of things that
can harm us=
(preparedness hypothesis)
-obsessive acts
protect (checking, washing)
– Glutamate(neurotransmitter)
regulated by genes; too much
glutamate leads to over activity in
brain’s alarm centers
5. Somatic Symptom Disorders
(Previously Somatoform Disorders)
• Somatic Symptom disorders (manifesting a
psychological problem through a physical
disorder)
Somatic=body
– 1. Conversion disorder-very specific
physical symptoms (paralysis) -no
physiological reason; no sense of urgency
from one who suffers
– 2. Illness Anxiety Disorder (previously
hypochondriasis)-interprets normal physical
sensations as disease-goes to doctors for it,
talks about it, etc…
6.Dissociative Disorders
• Dissociative disorders-rare; due to
extremely stressful situations
• Dissociate =to become separated
1. Dissociative (psychogenic) Amnesia
With or without dissociative
fugue/psychogenic fugue
2.Dissociative identity disorder (DID) due
to SEVERE ABUSE
– Two or more distinct personalities, can
be observed or self reported (a.k.a.
Multiple personality disorder)
Understanding Dissociative Identity
Disorder
• Genuine disorder or not?
• DID rates (increase in) lead some
to believe it is:
Therapist’s creation
• Differences from culture to culture
are too great
7.Mood Disorders
• Mood disorders (a.k.a Affective Disorders)
1.Major depressive disorder (a.k.a Unipolar Depression)
Most Common Mood Disorder/Disorder
Present for a least 2 weeks; can be result of event
(family death)
2. Bipolar disorder (formally, Manic Depressive Disorder)
3. Disruptive mood deregulation disorder (similar to
bipolar but for children and teens)
4. Seasonal Affective Disorder change in daylight hours in
winter/spring causes circadian rhythm disturbance , sleep
less due to serotonin changes-serotonin impacted by sun
light-treatment phototherapy (boosts serotonin levels in
brain)
Dysthymia/ Dysthymic Disorder=
mild but long term depression
Suicide and Depression
1. Common for people who commit suicide to
have talked about it
2. Women attempt more; men more likely to
die from attempts due to more lethal means
3. most common causes of death among young
people
4. attempted NOT only by people who are
depressed.
Understanding Mood Disorders
• Women more vulnerable to major
depression than men
• Most major depressive episodes selfterminate
Bipolar Disorder
• Bipolar Disorder=(formally Manic
Depressive Disorder)Mania &
Depression
–Mania (manic)
• Overtalkative, overactive, elated, little need for sleep, risky
behaviors, invincible…..
“What goes up, must come down”
– Men and women affected equally
Understanding Mood Disorders
The Biological Perspective
• Genetic Influences
– Mood disorders run in families
• Heritability (1 in 2 that identical twin of one with
mood disorder will be affected)
• Overall hereditability is 35 to 40%
Linkage analysis (analyze genes for genetic
causes of illness or disorders) : with
depression, many genes work together with
other environmental factors to put people at
risk)
Understanding Mood Disorders
The Biological Perspective
• The depressed brain:
Hippocampus (memory-processing) linked with emotions
circuits and vulnerable to stress
Biochemical influences-two neurotransmitters
involved:
1. Norepinephrine (increases arousal and boosts
moods) is low during depression and high during
mania
2. Serotonin (mood, hunger, sleep, arousal) scarce
during depression- REMEMBER THIS AS THE
MAIN MOOD/DEPRESSION Neurotransmitter
Understanding Mood Disorders
The Social-Cognitive Perspective
• Negative Thoughts and Moods Interact
– Self-defeating beliefs
• Learned helplessness (Martin Seligman)
• Over thinking (to ruminate)
– Explanatory style (how one explains events
in one’s life) view (Seligman-dog research)
Understanding Mood Disorders
The Vicious Cycle of Depression -p.589
Biopsychosocial Approach to
Depression-pg. 465
8. Symptoms of Schizophrenia
• Schizophrenia (split mind)-split from reality, with
• 1.disorganized thinking (Delusions),
• Delusions of persecution (others out to get me/recording meparanoid)
• Word Salad
• Delusions of Granduer (I am Jesus)
• 2. disturbed perceptions (Hallucinations)
Visual and Verbal (more common)
3. inappropriate emotions/actions
– Flat affect (lack of emotions)verses heightened emotions
– Catatonia/catatonic= no movement; Can have Waxy
flexibility (or) -constant senseless emotion
– Disruptive social behavior (
Schizophrenia is a psychotic (break from reality) disorder with
irrationality and lost contact with reality
Onset and Development
• Statistics on schizophrenia: 1 in 100 people; 24 million across
the world
• Onset –entering into adulthood, all cultures, slightly more often
in men (struck younger)
• Positive (hallucinations, disorganized speech, laughing, tears or
rage)versus negative symptoms (toneless voices,
expressionless, mute, rigid bodies)
• Positive symptoms= presence of inappropriate behaviors
• Negative Symptoms=absence of appropriate behaviors
• Chronic (aka-process) schizophrenia=slow onset: recovery
doubtful
• Acute (aka-reactive) schizophrenia=sudden onset: recovery
more likely
Understanding Schizophrenia
Brain Abnormalities (copy all)
• Dopamine Overactivity/hypothesis-have
excess dopamine receptors; this intensifies brain
signals and creates positive symptoms
(hallucinations and paranoia)
dopamine overactivity
Over reaction to irrelevant
stimuli
Understanding Schizophrenia
Brain Abnormalities
• Maternal Virus During Pregnancy
Studies show:
–Possible Influence of the flu during
pregnancy
Understanding Schizophrenia
Genetic Factors
• 6 in 10 chance for identical twins due to shared placenta
• Child whose parent has it , has increased risk
• Genetic predisposition and
the Diathesis-Stress Model/
Vulnerably Stress Hypothesis=
Environmental stressors can
provide circumstances that trigger
the disorder; explains why not all
Identical twins share disorder
9. Personality Disorders
• Personality disorders=disruptive, inflexible, enduring
behavior patterns that impair social functioning
– Anxiety cluster:
Dependent (very needy)
Obsessive Compulsive (order and control, perfectionist)
Avoidant (oversensitive to criticism avoids social situations)
- Eccentric cluster:
Paranoid (others out to get them)
Schizoid (No social relationships)
– Dramatic/impulsive cluster:
Histrionic (center of attention, dramatic, emotionally shallow)
Narcissistic (exaggerated belief of importance, arrogant)
Personality Disorders
*Antisocial personality disorder
–Previously Sociopath or psychopath
Understanding
Antisocial personality disorder
• Typically male
• Lack of consciousness for wrongdoing, even towards
family and friends, apparent by age 15 (in non adults,
it is called Conduct Disorder):
Lies, steals, fights, unrestrained sexual behavior;
Half of these children become antisocial adults
Antisocial personalities feel and fear little
WHY??? Pp. 597-598
Differences in the brains frontal lobe that controls
aggressive/impulsive behavior