Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Extracellular matrix wikipedia , lookup
Signal transduction wikipedia , lookup
Cell encapsulation wikipedia , lookup
Endomembrane system wikipedia , lookup
Cellular differentiation wikipedia , lookup
Cell culture wikipedia , lookup
Cell growth wikipedia , lookup
Cytokinesis wikipedia , lookup
Cells Plant Systems Evolution Cell Division Labs Ecology Cells Plant Systems Evolution Cell Division Labs Ecology $100 $100 $100 $100 $100 $100 $200 $200 $200 $200 $200 $200 $300 $300 $300 $300 $300 $300 $400 $400 $400 $400 $400 $400 $500 $500 $500 $500 $500 $500 Double Jeopardy! Cells This occurs when a cell actively pumps a molecule across its membrane. $100 Cells Active transport Back $100 Cells This acts as a barrier by only allowing a very small number of non-polar molecules to enter or exit a cell $200 Cells Lipid Bilayer Back $200 Cells The structural component of the cell that is made up of protein filaments and found throughout the inside of eukaryotic cells $300 Cells Cytoskeleton Back $300 Cells Main component of double stranded, thin and flexible structures, and is the most abundant protein in most eukaryotic cells $400 Cells Actin Back $400 Cells These contain oxidative enzymes and other enzymes that help produce and degrade hydrogen peroxide $500 Cells Peroxisomes Back $500 Plant Systems Mechanisms by which water is carried upward through the xylem $100 Plant Systems Adhesion and Cohesion Back $100 Plant Systems This considers the differences in osmotic concentration and the differences in pressure, and determines osmosis $200 Plant Systems Water potential Back $200 Plant Systems An inhibitor hormone that causes guard cells of the stomata to close when the plant is losing water $300 Plant Systems Abscisic acid Back $300 Plant Systems Responses to stimuli that result in longterm growth of the plant toward or away from the stimulus $400 Plant Systems Tropisms Back $400 Plant Systems Poinsettias, chrysanthemums and asters are in this group of flowers that don’t bloom when light interrupts darkness $500 Plant Systems Short-Day plants Back $500 Evolution When selection pressure act against individuals in the middle of the trait distribution $100 Evolution Disruptive selection Back $100 Evolution Niles Eldrege and Stephen Gould developed this evolutionary theory which proposed that the change we can see is evolutionarily minor and that speciation occurs suddenly only in response to major crises or genetic events $200 Evolution Punctuated Equilibrium Back $200 Evolution When species of different ancestry begin to share analogous traits because of a shared environment or other election pressure $300 Evolution Convergent evolution Back $300 Evolution A burst of evolution, creating several new species out of a single parent species $400 Evolution Adaptive radiation Back $400 Evolution A process in which a species may become split into two groups that no longer share the same gene pool $500 Evolution Cladogenesis Back $500 Cell Division This phase is marked by very thick and dense chromosomes $100 Cell Division Prophase Back $100 Cell Division These become fully matured on the centromeres of the chromosome during prometaphase $200 Cell Division Kinetochores Back $200 Cell Division After this process, daughter cells are very small and low on ATP $300 Cell Division Cytokinesis Back $300 Cell Division Proteins associated with DNA in eukaryote chromosomes $400 Cell Division Histone proteins Back $400 Cell Division These often skip the G1 and G2 phases of the cell cycle to make the process faster. $500 Cell Division Eukaryotic cells Back $500 Labs In the diffusion lab, a selectively permeable membrane contained glucose, starch and water in order to determine this of each substance $100 Labs Molecular size Back $100 Labs This separates molecules on the basis of their rate of movement under the influence of electrical fields $200 Labs Electrophoresis Back $200 Labs In the respiration lab, the plant with the condition had more respiration than the other environments because of the opening of these $300 Labs stomata Back $300 Labs This experimental process allows DNA to be copied with a concentration on a gene of interest using recombinant DNA $400 Labs DNA cloning Back $400 Labs Gregor Mendel used these plants to study patterns of inheritance within a single gene pool $500 Labs Pea plants Back $500 Ecology When an organism puts itself in danger to help others of its species $100 Ecology Altruistic behavior Back $100 Ecology Also known as the prey choice model, this predicts what an animal will do when it encounters a particular food $200 Ecology Contingency Theory Back $200 Ecology Species whose population size is primarily determined by birth rate $300 Ecology R-selected species Back $300 Ecology A key stimulus triggers an innate releasing mechanism which produces this, a definite, constant response $400 Ecology Fixed action pattern Back $400 Ecology A type of learning where the organism associates a regular behavior with a reward or punishment $500 Ecology Operant conditioning Back $500 Double Jeopardy!!! Photosynthesis Animal Systems Biotechnology Molecular Genetics Respiration Things we didn’t cover Photosynthesis Animal Systems Biotechnology Molecular Genetics Respiration Things we didn’t cover $200 $200 $200 $200 $200 $200 $400 $400 $400 $400 $400 $400 $600 $600 $600 $600 $600 $600 $800 $800 $800 $800 $800 $800 $1000 $1000 $1000 $1000 $1000 $1000 Final Jeopardy! Photosynthesis These broaden the spectrum of light absorbed by the chloroplasts $200 Photosynthesis carotenoids Back $200 Photosynthesis Plants get out of “ATP debt” through this process $400 Photosynthesis Cyclic electron flow Back $400 Photosynthesis In the Calvin cycle, the actual output is this which can later be made into glucose $600 Photosynthesis Glyceraldehyde-3phosphate (G3P) Back $600 Photosynthesis Chloroplasts evolved from this engulfing a photoautotroph $800 Photosynthesis chemoheterotroph Back $800 Photosynthesis Part of the leaf that doesn’t contain chloroplasts and serve primarily as protection for the rest of the leaf $1000 Photosynthesis Upper and lower epidermis Back $1000 Animal Systems This hormone fat that suppresses appetite $200 Animal Systems leptin Back $200 Animal Systems One of the five classes of antibodies that is released in response to allergic reactions $400 Animal Systems IgE Back $400 Animal Systems This is a kidney hormone that is released in response to low O2 $600 Animal Systems Erythropoeitin Back $600 Animal Systems In the loop of Henle, the concentration of this is decreasing in the ascending limb through active transport $800 Animal Systems NaCl Back $800 Animal Systems This process is able to develop an egg without fertilization $1000 Animal Systems pathenogenesis Back $1000 Biotechnology In protein degradation, these molecules attach to protein by enzymes in the cytosol to start the process $200 Biotechnology Ubiquitin Back $200 Biotechnology This is made by isolating mRNA and reverse transcriptase on mRNA $400 Biotechnology cDNA Back $400 Biotechnology These are used to provide a larger sample size for a specific gene of interest $600 Biotechnology plasmids Back $600 Biotechnology Mainly used in forensics or paternity testing, this is used to amplify DNA $800 Biotechnology Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) Back $800 Biotechnology This is missing when DNA is sequenced for the DNA termination method $1000 Biotechnology -OH Back $1000 Molecular Genetics Chromosomes with this, one X becomes almost completely inactive during embryonic development, are reactivated in ovary cells that give rise to the ova $200 Molecular Genetics Barr Body Back $200 Molecular Genetics In the ThemeselsonStahl experiment, shows how DNA does this in a semiconservative manner $400 Molecular Genetics replicates Back $400 Molecular Genetics A sex-linked allele in humans that causes the progressive weakening of muscles and loss of coordination $600 Molecular Genetics Duchenne’s Muscular Dystrophy Back $600 Molecular Genetics Formed from a nondisjunction gamete, this is a type of offspring that has an abnormal number of chromosomes $800 Molecular Genetics aneuploidy Back $800 Molecular Genetics These are tiny molecules of naked, circular RNA that infect plants and are several nucleotides long $1000 Molecular Genetics viroids Back $1000 Respiration In the final step of Glycolysis, this enzyme catalyzes the production of pyruvate $200 Respiration Aldolase Back $200 Respiration The combination of the electron transport chain and chemiosmosis where protons are moving down their concentration gradient $400 Respiration Oxidative Phosphorylation Back $400 Respiration A type of anaerobic respiration where a cell able to perform aerobic respiration is deprived of oxygen $600 Respiration fermentation Back $600 Respiration In to prevent explosions, these “break the fall” of electrons that are flowing to electronegative O2 $800 Respiration Electron carriers (NADH, FADH2) Back $800 Respiration In fish, the larger amount of this enables the most respiration through the gills $1000 Respiration Surface area Back $1000 We Didn’t Cover This is the identification of chemical substances and their concentrations $200 We Didn’t Cover Chemoreception Back $200 We Didn’t Cover This process is used to determine the threedimensional structure of macromolecules such as nucleic acids and proteins $400 We Didn’t Cover X-ray crystallography Back $400 We Didn’t Cover This occurs in humans after around 52 divisions when cell division eventually stops $600 We Didn’t Cover Hayflick limit Back $600 We Didn’t Cover These are small, hydrophobic transport proteins that increase bilayer permeability for specific ions. $800 We Didn’t Cover ionophores Back $800 Topic 12 In the Paleozoic era, after this extinction, plants and insects began to colonize the land $1000 Topic 12 Ordovician Back $1000 Final Jeopardy!!! Final Jeopardy!!! In a reproducing environment, this principle/equation states that both allele and genotype frequencies in a population remain constant Final Jeopardy!!! Hardy-Weinberg Principle p+q = 1 or 2 2 p +2pq+q =1