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Ecology Cells- Structure, function, membranes, different types Plant systems Animal Systems Evolution and Classification- natural selection, speciation, classification Labs Animal Systems Labs Evolution and Classification Ecology Cells Plant Systems $100 $100 $100 $100 $100 $100 $200 $200 $200 $200 $200 $200 $300 $300 $300 $300 $300 $300 $400 $400 $400 $400 $400 $400 $500 $500 $500 $500 $500 $500 Double Jeopardy! Ecology What phenomenon is exemplified by the figure? $400 Ecology What is biomagnification? Back $400 Ecology In a certain community, the absence of a hawk leads to the increase in the snake population, which leads to a decrease in the mouse population followed by an increase in the grasshopper population and finally a decrease in the plant population. What model does this situation exemplify? $200 Ecology What is the top-down model? Back $200 Ecology What pattern of dispersion would these fish most likely exhibit within their population’s geographic range? $500 Ecology What is uniform? Back $500 Ecology During the summer, lakes with winter ice cover consist of warm surface water, cold bottom water, and this vertical zone of rapid temperature change between the warm and cold water. $100 Ecology What is a thermocline? Back $100 Ecology ____ ________ is determined by the amount of solar radiation, temperature, and water availability and is high in areas with abundant rainfall and high temperatures. It and tree species richness have a positive correlation. $300 Ecology What is actual evapotranspiration? Back $300 Cells One difference between plant cells is that the centrosomes of an animal cell contain a pair of this structure while the centrosomes of an animal cell lack them. $100 Cells What are centrioles? Back $100 Cells These molecules of an animal cell plasma membrane are specifically recognized by other cells and help cells to recognize one another. $200 Cells What are glycoproteins? Back $200 Cells This type of intercellular junction in animal tissues that fastens cells together are anchored to the cytoplasm by intermediate filaments made of keratin proteins $300 Cells What are desmosomes? Back $300 Cells Plant cells contain a primary cell wall and sometimes a secondary cell wall, and between the primary cell walls of adjacent plant cells is this thin layer of polysaccharides called pectins. $400 Cells What is the middle Lamella? Back $400 Cells In this type of endocytosis in animal cells, the cell “gulps” droplets of extracellular fluid to obtain the dissolved molecules within these droplets that the cell needs. $500 Cells What is pinocytosis? Back $500 Plant Systems This organ, indicated by the red arrows, is the first to emerge from a germinating seed. $300 Plant Systems What is the radicle? Back $300 Plant Systems These supporting cells are located in parts of the plant that have stopped growing in length. They have thick secondary walls that are typically strengthened by ligin. $100 Plant Systems What are sclerenchyma cells? Back $100 Plant Systems Besides the outside air, this part of the plant has the lowest water potential. This difference in water potential helps drive xylem sap up a tree. $200 Plant Systems What are the air spaces of leaves? Back $200 Plant Systems The signal transduction pathway in plants beginning with light activated phytochromes that use either cGMP or opening of the calcium ion channels to activate specific protein kinases. The protein kinases lead to the activation of transcription factors that lead to the expression of proteins that function in this response. $400 Plant Systems What is the deetiolation response? Back $400 Plant Systems This plant hormone is found in the leaves, stems, roots, and green fruit of a plant and is responsible for inhibiting plant growth, closing stomata during water stress, and promoting seed dormancy. $500 Plant Systems What is abscisic acid? Back $500 Animal Systems Most ATP in an animal’s energy budget is formed as a result of the _____ of organic fuel molecules. $100 Animal Systems What is oxidation? Back $100 Animal Systems In insects, other arthropods, and most mollusks this substance, which has no distinction between blood and interstital fluid, bathes organisms directly, creating an open circulatory system. $200 Animal Systems What is hemolymph? Back $200 Animal Systems To what type of animal does this type of circulatory system belong? $300 Animal Systems What are amphibians? Back $300 Animal Systems Class I MHC molecules displaying a bound peptide antigen is recognized by what type of cell? $400 Animal Systems What are cytoxic T cells? Back $400 Animal Systems In the human kidney, 80% of nephrons consist of cortical nephrons that have loops of Henel that extend only into the renal cortex, the other 20% of nephrons are ______ nephrons that have well developed loops of Henel that extend into the renal medulla. $500 Animal Systems What are juxtamediallary? Back $500 Labs This phase is the longest stage of mitosis and lasts about twenty P I minutes. M A T $100 Labs What is metaphase? Back $100 Labs In the transformation lab, bacteria were able to grow with ampicillin due to the addition of an antibiotic resistant gene to the bacteria via this. $200 Labs What is plasmid? Back $200 Labs When using chromatography to separate the pigments of a plant, this pigment travels the shortest distance up the paper. $300 Labs What is chlorophyll b? Back $300 Labs Based on the ratio of red eyed flies to sepia eyed flies, we can determine that the parents’ genotypes are ________ $400 Labs What are heterozygous? Back $400 Labs Subtracting these two measurements will give us _______. $500 Labs What is respiration? Back $500 Evolution and Classification The conditions for self-replicating molecules and a metabolism like source for the building blocks were provided by these combined abiotically produced molecules that are surrounded by a membrane-like structure. These structures can reproduce, metabolize, and maintain some degree of homeostasis.$100 Evolution and Classification What are protobionts? Back $100 Evolution and Classification These kinds of homologous genes were passed from one generation to the next but were separated into different gene pools as a result of speciation. $200 Evolution and Classification What are orthologous genes? Back $200 Evolution and Classification This biologist observed that species change over time as a result of the individuals adapting to their environments. He believed that the traits an organism acquires due to a changing environment were passed on to the next generation. $300 Evolution and Classification Who is Lamarck? Back $300 Evolution and Classification This process, in which green algae and red algae were ingested by food vacuoles of heterotrophic eukaryotes, led to the diversification of plastids that exists in plastid-bearing organisms today. $400 Evolution and Classification What is secondary endosymbiosis? Back $400 Evolution and Classification This animal phylum lacks true tissues? $500 Evolution and Classification What is porifera? Back $500 Double Jeopardy!!! Photosynthesis Respiration Cell division: mitosis and meiosis Molecular genetics transcription, translation, DNA structure & replication, genetics Biotechnology Things we didn’t cover Photosynthesis Respiration Cell Division Molecular Genetics Biotechnology Things we Didn’t Cover $200 $200 $200 $200 $200 $200 $400 $400 $400 $400 $400 $400 $600 $600 $600 $600 $600 $600 $800 $800 $800 $800 $800 $800 $1000 $1000 $1000 $1000 $1000 $1000 Final Jeopardy! Photosynthesis In noncyclic electron flow, this structure contains P700 to supply the electrons for the primary acceptor, and the output of this part of noncyclic electron flow consists of NADPH. $200 Photosynthesis What is photosystem I? Back $200 Photosynthesis Chlorophyll a is almost identical to chlorophyll b, except chlorophyll b contains this molecule instead of CH3. $400 Photosynthesis What is CHO? Back $400 Photosynthesis This five carbon sugar is the one to which carbon dioxide molecules attach at the beginning of the Calvin cycle. It is also regenerated at the end of the Calvin cycle so that it may begin again. $600 Photosynthesis What is RuBP? Back $600 Photosynthesis These kinds of plants open their stomata at night and close them during the day. Cacti and pineapples are examples of this type of plant. $800 Photosynthesis What are CAM Plants? Back $800 Photosynthesis Unlike the mitochondria, where the intermembrane space acts as the reservoir for protons, the reservoir for protons in chloroplasts is the _______ _____ $1000 Photosynthesis Thylakoid Space Back $1000 Respiration This electron acceptor is only found in the citric acid cycle. $200 Respiration What is FAD? Back $200 Respiration The remainder of electron carriers between ubiquinone and oxygen are these proteins. $400 Respiration What are cytochromes? Back $400 Respiration These macromolecules are the only ones that can be catabolized by going straight into the citric acid cycle. $600 Respiration What are proteins? Back $600 Respiration In glycolysis and the citric acid cycle, a smaller amount of ATP is produced through this process. $800 Respiration What is substrate-level phosphorylation? Back $800 Respiration The electron transport chain gradually changes ___ ____ in the transition from H2 + ½ O2 to H2O so that the release of heat and light energy is not explosive. $1000 Respiration What is free energy? Back $1000 Cell Division In order for a kinase (a protein that activates or inactivates other molecules via phosphorylation) to be activated it must $200 Cell Division What is a cyclin? Back $200 Cell Division It is hypothesized that mitosis evolved from this manner of asexual reproduction carried out by prokaryotes with a couple of processes by other organisms in between. $400 Cell Division What is binary fission? Back $400 Cell Division During anaphase, these microtubules shorten at their ends rather than the ends of the spindle poles. $600 Cell Division What are kinetochores? Back $600 Cell Division Unlike the chromosomes in mitosis, the chromosomes in meiosis are _____. $800 Cell Division What are paired? Back $800 Cell Division What is the name of the short microtubules surrounding the centrosomes during cell division? $1000 Cell Division What are asters? Back $1000 Molecular Genetics These noncoding repetitions of short nucleotide sequences at the end of human DNA protect DNA from erosion caused by repeated DNA replication. $200 Molecular Genetics Telomeres Back $200 Molecular Genetics According to the ________ model, both strands of the paternal DNA molecule separate to serve as a template for new, complementary strands. The strands of the first replication contain one strand of parent DNA and one of the new, complementary strand. After the second replication there are two of the aforementioned and two containing all new DNA strands. $400 Molecular Genetics What is semiconservative? Back $400 Molecular Genetics This small organic molecule is important in positive gene regulation in E. coli by activating a regulatory protein called the catabolic activator protein in E. coli, which inhibits the lac operator by blocking the RNA polymerase from transcribing. $600 Molecular Genetics What is cAMP? Back $600 Molecular Genetics Which of the sites on a translating ribosome does an incoming tRNA molecule fit into when it brings a new amino acid? $800 Molecular Genetics What is the A site? Back $800 Molecular Genetics The ____-_ ___, in addition to the 5’ cap of an mRNA molecule, facilitate export of mRNA from the nucleus, protect the mRNA from hydrolytic enzymes, and help ribosomes attach to the 5’ end of the mRNA. $1000 Molecular Genetics What is poly-A tail? Back $1000 Biotechnology These double stranded RNA molecules turn off genes with the same sequence and thus inhibit gene expression. $200 Biotechnology What are small interfering RNAs? Back $200 Biotechnology These proteins have many amino acids with a positive charge and bind to negatively charged DNA. They help determine chromosome structure. $400 Biotechnology What are histones? Back $400 Biotechnology The molecules at the bottom of the gel are at the bottom because they are _____ than those at the top. $600 Biotechnology What is shorter? Back $600 Biotechnology These synthetic structures called ____ ________ ________ an origin site for replication, a centromere, and two telomeres with foreign DNA. $800 Biotechnology What are yeast artificial chromosomes? Back $800 Biotechnology In the DNA sequencing method dideoxy chain termination, these will randomly insert themselves on a growing DNA strand that is complementary to the template DNA strand instead of a deoxyribonucleotide. $1000 Biotechnology What are dideoxyribonucleotides? Back $1000 Things we didn’t cover $200 Things we didn’t cover Back $200 Things we didn’t cover This type of RNA in a eukaryotic cell is part of a complex of protein and RNA that recognizes signal peptides attached to polypeptides destined to go to the endoplasmic reticulum. $400 Things we didn’t cover What is SRP RNA? Back $400 Things we didn’t cover These kinds of sensory receptors detect physical deformation caused by stimuli including touch, pressure, stretch, motion, or sound. $600 Things we didn’t cover What are mechanoreceptors? Back $600 Things we didn’t cover These types of eyes are found on insects and crustaceans. $800 Things we didn’t cover What are compound eyes? Back $800 Things we didn’t cover For animals of a given body mass, _______ is the most energy-efficient method of locomotion while running is the least energy efficient. $1000 Things we didn’t cover What is swimming? Back $1000 Final Jeopardy!!! Final Jeopardy!!! In cellular communication, this secondary messenger activates the gated calcium channel attached to the endoplasmic reticulum, causing it to release calcium ions, another secondary Final Jeopardy!!! What is IP3?