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Turbo TAKS
Week 2
Lesson 1- Cells
Lesson 2- Taxonomy
Lesson 3- DNA
Lesson 4- Protein Synthesis
Lesson 1: Cells
2 Types of Cells
Prokaryote- “pro”= before; “kary”- nucleus
 CELL DOES NOT CONTAIN A NUCLEUS OR MEMBRANE
BOUND ORGANELLES
 Example: Bacteria
 Study Trick: Remember that pro rhymes with no nucleus
Eukaryote- “eu”= true; “kary”- nucleu
CELL CONTAINS A NUCLEUS
CELL CONTAINS MEMBRANE-BOUND ORGANELLES
Examples: Plant, Animal, Protist, Fungus
MAJOR ORGANELLES
CELL PROCESSES OVERVIEW
• Permeability
– Diffusion
– Osmosis
• Cell Division
– Mitosis
– Meiosis
• Energy Conversion
– Photosynthesis
– Respiration
• Storage & Transport
Permeability (all cells):
Cells contain a semi-permeable membrane that allows
certain things in and out of the cell
Diffusion (all cells):
•Movement of substances from areas of high
concentration to areas of low concentration,
•Disposes of wastes and brings in nutrients
Osmosis (all cells):
Movement of water across a membrane from an area of
more water to less water (high to low concentration)
Membrane
Osmosis (all cells):
Movement of water across a membrane from an area of
more water to less water (high to low concentration)
Membrane
Osmosis (all cells):
Movement of water across a membrane from an area of
more water to less water (high to low concentration)
Membrane
Osmosis (all cells):
Movement of water across a membrane from an area of
more water to less water (high to low concentration)
Membrane
Osmosis (all cells):
Movement of water across a membrane from an area of
more water to less water (high to low concentration)
Membrane
Osmosis (all cells):
Movement of water across a membrane from an area of
more water to less water (high to low concentration)
Membrane
Osmosis (all cells):
Movement of water across a membrane from an area of
more water to less water (high to low concentration)
Membrane
Osmosis (all cells):
Movement of water across a membrane from an area of
more water to less water (high to low concentration)
Membrane
Photosynthesis (happens in plant cells):
•Converts light energy (radiant energy) to chemical
energy (glucose)
•Light energy is used to convert CO2 to glucose in
plants
•Happens in the
chloroplast
Respiration (happens in all cells):
Converts glucose into cell energy (ATP) in the
mitochondria
ATP
Process: Photosynthesis
Organism: Plant
Place Occurs: Chloroplast
ATP
CO2 and H2O
Glucose and O2
Process: Respiration
Organism: ALL
Place occurs: Mitochondria
The products of Photosynthesis
are the reactants of Respiration
Mitosis (happens in all cells):
Cell reproduction for growth, repair, and maintenance
of somatic cells. Somatic cells are body cells (ex: liver,
skin, kidney, etc.)
Meiosis:
Cell reproduction for the production of gametes (sex
cells)
Storage:
•Vacuoles store water, food, and minerals (all cells)
•Central vacuole in plant cells
•Becomes flaccid if cell loses water
•Becomes turgid if cell gains water
Transport (all cells):
•Endoplasmic reticulum transports proteins to the Golgi
bodies to be packaged and processed
Endoplasmic
Reticulum
Golgi Body
Lesson 2: Taxonomy
Classification
The largest and least specific
category is a Kingdom
There are 6 kingdoms:
2 prokaryotic and 4 eukaryotic
Organisms are then placed into
more specific groups in a particular
order (KPCOFGS – see diagram)
Organisms are called by their
Genus and species name
Ex: Homo sapiens
Classification
Animals most closely related will be in
the same levels of classification
Test tip: Most closely related
organisms will have the same genus
Group
Domestic Cat
Leopard
Deer
Kingdom
Animalia
Animalia
Animalia
Phylum
Chordata
Chordata
Chordata
Class
Mammalia
Mammalia
Mammalia
Order
Carnivora
Carnivora
Artiodactyla
Family
Felidae
Felidae
Cervidae
Genus
Felis
Panthera
Odocoileus
Species
Felis cattus
Panthera pardus
Odocoileus
virginianus
Which 2 are most closely related? How do you know?
Kingdoms of Life
Prokaryotic Kingdoms
• Archaebacteria
– Live in harsh conditions
(without oxygen, extreme
temperatures, in different
chemical environments)
• Eubacteria
– Bacteria found on and
around us
– There are good and bad
bacteria
Eukaryotic Kingdoms:
• Fungi
– Decomposers/
heterotrophic
– Mushrooms
• Protista
–
–
–
–
Heterotrophs & Autotrophs
Mostly single-celled
Live in water
Amoebas, paramecium,
euglenas
– Has pseudopodia, cilia
and/or flagella for
movement
• Plantae
– Multicellular
– Autotrophic
– True roots, stems, and
leaves
• Animalia
– Motile (can move)
– Multicellular
– Heterotrophic
Lesson 3: DNA
Deoxyribonucleic Acid Structure
D
C
G
D
P
DNA is made of Nucleotides
P
P
Phosphat
e group
P
P
T
D
D
Nucleotide
C
G
Deoxyribose
D
D
Nitrogen
Base
P
P
D
There are four kinds of nitrogen
bases, so there are four kinds of
nucleotides...
T
D
P
P
D
P
C
G
D
Adenine,Cytosine,
Guanine, and Thymine
P
Cytosine pairs
with Guanine
D
C
D
T
G
D
DNA is shaped like
a Double Helix
(twisted ladder)
P
P
D
P
Adenine pairs
with Thymine
NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE
The order of the
nucleotides forms the
unique genetic code
for the organism
The more closely
related two organisms
are, the more alike the
order of their
nucleotides will be
DNA replication
– DNA makes an exact copy of
its self
– Happens before mitosis and
meiosis
Mutation
– A change in the sequence of
nucleotides
– Can happen in any cell, but
can be passed on to
offspring only if it occurs in a
gamete cell
Lesson 4: Protein Synthesis
DNA
RNA
Protein
Transcription (DNA
DNA codes for proteins
The order of the nucleotides
is the code for which a
protein will be made
TRANSCRIPTION is making o
copy of DNA into mRNA
(A = U; C=G)
Occurs in the nucleus
mRNA)
Translation (mRNA
Protein)
The message on the
mRNA is read by a
ribosome
The message is
translated into a protein
Occurs in the cytoplasm
on ribosomes
Video:
http://vcell.ndsu.nodak.edu/animations/translation/movie.htm
Genetic Code
• Every three
letters on
mRNA is a
codon
• A codon codes
for an amino
acid
• Ex: CCC codes
for Proline