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The Eye Energy v. Chemical senses Energy Senses Chemical Senses Transduction • Transduction – • Each sense has its own process of transduction • Information goes from the senses to the thalamus , then to the various areas in the brain. Example: Remember Ethan in Sky High. He changes his body to slime. Solid form to liquid form. Change from one form of energy to another. Click the picture to watch power placement. Vision • Our most dominating sense. • Visual Capture Phase One: Gathering Light The Stimulus Input: Light Energy • Wavelength – • Determines hue (color) Phase One: Gathering Light • Hue • ROY G BIV • Example: HUE The Physical Property of Waves •Intensity – Intensity •Height of a wave gives us it’s intensity (brightness). •Example: Phase Two: Getting the light in the eye The Eye Cornea – Pupil – Dilation of the pupil allows more light to reach the periphery of the retina where the rods are located Iris – Lens – Accomodation - process by which the lens changes shape (curvature and thickness) to focus near or far images on the retina Retina – • Rods - receptor cells Retina • Cones – receptor cells • Fovea - central focal point in the retina The Retina • Rods and Cones Cones Rods Rods versus Cones Optic Nerve • Optic Nerve – • Blind Spot – – Blind spot = no receptor cells Example: Phase III: Transduction Overview: 1. 2. 3. 4. Transduction Visual Problems • Farsighted – • Nearsighted – • Astigmatism – Phase IV: In the Brain • Thalamus to Occipital lobe to Visual Cortex to… • Feature Detectors – Example: Feature Detector cells – Example: • Supercell clusters – Example: Parallel Processing Parallel Processing – Example: Blindsight – Example: Color Vision Two Major Theories Trichromatic Theory Trichromatic Theory Three types of cones: • These three types of cones can make millions of combinations of colors. • Does not explain afterimages or color blindness well. Opponent-Process theory Opponent-Process Theory - The sensory receptors come in pairs. • If one color is stimulated, the other is inhibited. • Example: Afterimages Hearing, Touch, Taste and Smell Hearing Audition – Frequency of Sound Waves • frequency - Amplitude of Sound Waves • amplitude - Absolute Threshold • Absolute Threshold = • 10 decibels = 10X increase in sound intensity • Example: – A 30 decibel sound is _____ times louder than a 10 decibel sound – A 40 decibel sound is _____ times louder than a 10 decibel sound Parts of the Ear • Overview – Transduction 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. It is all about the vibrations!!! The structure of the ear Bones of the middle ear = the hammer, anvil, stirrup which vibrate with the eardrum. The structure of the ear Mechanical vibrations triggered by sound waves are transduced into neural impulses by _____________? _____________ do the same job for vision as __________ do for audition Neural impulse to the brain Perceiving Loudness • Damage to Basilar membrane’s hair cells = hearing loss (lose sensation of soft sounds) – # of activated hair cells allows us to perceive loudness – Compression – harder to hear sounds are more amplified than loud sound Pitch Theories Place Theory and Frequency Theory Place Theory or Herman von Helmholtz Theory • Place Theory – • Best explains how we sense high pitches Frequency Theory • Frequency Theory – – Frequency (speed) of sound wave matches the speed of the neural impulse. • Theory limitations: Can’t explain high pitch sounds (neural impulses can only travel at 1000 impulses per sec.) • Best explains how we hear low pitches • Example: Volley Principle • Volley Principal – • Can achieve a combined frequency of above 1000 waves/sec Locating Sound • Sound waves strike one ear sooner and more intensely in the direction of the sound Deafness Conduction Deafness - • You can replace the bones or get a hearing aid to help. • Example: Nerve (sensorineural) Deafness - • Loud noises can cause this type of deafness. • NO WAY to replace the hairs. • Cochlea implant - converts sound waves to into electrical signals. • Example: Touch • Receptors located in our skin. • Types of touch Kinesthetic Sense • Kinesthetic Sense – • Receptors located in our joints, tendons, bones and ears • Example: Without the kinesthetic sense you could not touch the button to make copies of your buttocks. Vestibular Sense • Vestibular Sense – • Located in our semicircular canals in our ears. • Example: Pain • Biological Influences – Noiceptors – – – – – Gate-control theory* Endorphins Phantom limb sensations Tinnitus • Psychological influences – Distraction – Memory of Pain – peak pain, end pain • Socio Cultural Influences – More pain when others experience pain – Mirror neurons that empathize with others pain Gate Control Theory • Gate Control Theory – • Example: Taste • Sweet, sour, salty and bitter –Umami • Taste buds –Chemical sense • Age and taste Taste • Bumps on our tongue are called papillae. • Taste buds are located on the papillae 200+ each containing a pore. • Pore – 50-100 taste receptor cells that sense food molecules Sensory Interaction • Sensory interaction – • Examples: Jello in the shape of a brain looks so unappetizing, it tastes terrible too McGurk Effect – • Olfaction Smell – Chemical sense – Olfactory receptors – Olfactory bulb – transmits smell from the nose to the brain – Olfactory nerve – sends neural messages to from the olfactory bulb directly to the olfactory cortex in the brain bypassing the thalamus – Olfactory cortex – receives information from the olfactory bulb • Conscious awareness of odors • Identification of odors – Hotline between olfactory cortex and limbic system (memory and emotion) Smell (olfaction) Smell and age