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Myers’ PSYCHOLOGY Psychological Disorders L. Gonzalez Create a Time Line Chart BC, AD, Century, Now Set Up Time Line Historical Perspectives on Abnormal behavior The Ancient World China (200 BC) Chung Ching stated that both organ pathologies & stressful psychological situations were causes of mental disorders. Greece Hippocrates (377-460 BC) believed mental illness was the result of natural, as opposed to supernatural, causes. Galen (130-200 AD) divided the causes of mental disorders into physical and psychological explanations. Middle Ages (500-1500 AD) Islamic countries- a. mental hospitals were established (792 AD)b. Persian doctor Sina wrote the Canon of Medicine(medications). Europe –abnormal behavior was most frequently viewed as demonic possession. treatment entailed – prayer & exorcism. The Renaissance AD Spanish nun Teresa of Avila (1515-1582) established the conceptual framework that the mind can be sick. Both Johann Weyer (1515-1588) of Germany and Scot (1538-1599) of England used scientific skepticism to refute the concept of demonic possession. Humanitarian Reforms (18th-19th century) In France, Philippe Pinel (1745-1826) pioneered a compassionate medical model for the treatment of the mentally ill & established a hospital in Paris. In England, William Tuke (1732-1822) introduced trained nurses for the mentally ill & helped to change public attitudes regarding their treatment. In US, Benjamin rush (1745-1813) founder of American Psychiatry, encouraged humane treatment of the mentally ill & hospitals. Scientific Advances of the 20th Century Development in technology such as MRI and PET scans have added to our knowledge of the biological bases of psychological disorder. MRI PET Development in pscycho-pharmacology have provided effective treatment for many psychological disorder. ABNORMAL BEHAVIORS PERSPECTIVES & DIAGNOSES Videos – Set up your notes http://educationportal.com/academy/lesson/definition-of-disorders.html#lesson Definitions of Disorders-What does it mean? Rosenhan’s Experiment-What did it entail? Evolution of the DSM –What is it? 5 AXES – write examples for each 1. Clinical Disorders 2. Intellectual Disabilities & Personality Disorders 3. Medical conditions and physical disorders 4. Social & Environmental Factors 5. The Global Assessment of Functioning Abnormal Behavior Definition The behavior that is disturbing (socially unacceptable), distressing, maladaptive (or self-defeating), and often the result of distorted thoughts (cognitions). Create Chart on back of time-line BEHAVIOR DISORDERS PERSPECTIVES Create Perspective Chart Perspective Explanation Treatment Example Illustration Medical Perspective Explanation: Focus on biological and physiological factors as causes of abnormal behavior . Treated as a disease, or mental illness, and is diagnosed through symptoms and cured through treatment. Treatment: Hospitalization and drugs are often preferred methods of treatment rather than psychological investigation. Example: Schizophrenia needs medication to quiet voices, hallucinations and level dopamine. Psychodynamic Perspective Explanation: Evolved from Freudian psychoanalytic theory, which contends that psychological disorders are the consequence of anxiety produced by unresolved, unconscious conflicts(childhood). Treatment: focuses on identification and resolution of the conflicts. Example: Child neglected, no love will grow up to not love him/herself or others Behavioral/Learning Perspective Explanation: Results from faulty or ineffective learning and conditioning. Treatments are designed to reshape disordered behavior and, using traditional learning procedures, to teach new, more appropriate, and more adaptive responses. For example, a behavioral analysis of a case of child abuse might suggest that a father abuses his children because he learned the abusive behavior from his father and must now learn more appropriate parenting tactics Cognitive Perspective Explanation: People engage in abnormal behavior because of particular thoughts and behaviors that are often based upon their false assumptions. This is how the information is being decoded and retrieved (interpreted or memory issues). Treatments are oriented toward helping the maladjusted individual develop new thought processes and new values. Therapy is a process of unlearning maladaptive habits and replacing them with more useful ones. Example: Anger issues from low road to high road Social-Cultural Perspective Explain: Abnormal behavior is learned within a social context ranging from the family, to the community, to the culture. Treatment: Introducing and teaching the individual about in abnormal behavior within the culture by comparing and contrasting. Example: Anorexia nervosa and bulimia are psychological disorders found mostly in Western cultures, which value the thin female body Biological Perspective Views abnormal behavior as arising from a physical cause, such as genetic inheritance, biochemical abnormalities or imbalances, structural abnormalities within the brain, and/or infections Agrees that physical causes are of central importance but also recognizes the influence of biological, psychological, and social factors in the study, identification, and treatment of psychological disorders Bio-Psych-Social Perspective States Psychologists contend that ALL behavior, whether called normal or disordered arises from the interaction of nature and nurture. The bio-psycho-social perspective is a contemporary perspective which assumes that biological, sociocultural, and psychological factors combine and interact to produce psychological disorders. Abnormal Behavior Disorders – pairs of 3/computer lab Wednesday-Turn in outline/present Friday to peers 1. 2. What is the disorder? Explain the disorder. 1. What causes it? (age) 2. Symptoms 3. Treatment 4. A “real” case study of someone who had/has this disorder 5. Common or not? Mood DisordersBipolar PET scans show that brain energy consumption rises and falls with emotional swings Depressed state Manic state Depressed state Anxiety Disorders PET Scan of brain of person with Obsessive/ Compulsive disorder High metabolic activity (red) in frontal lobe areas involved with directing attention Psychological Disorders- Etiology DSM-IV American Psychiatric Association’s Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (Fourth Edition) a widely used system for classifying psychological disorders Hand out Take out disorder sheet add Borderline Personality disorder MENTAL DISORDERS Schizophrenia Schizophrenia literal translation “split mind” a group of severe disorders characterized by: disorganized and delusional thinking disturbed perceptions inappropriate emotions and actions Schizophrenia Delusions false beliefs, often of torture or greatness, that may accompany psychotic disorders Hallucinations false sensory experiences such as seeing something without any external visual stimulus Schizophrenia Subtypes of Schizophrenia Paranoid: Preoccupation with delusions or hallucinations Disorganized: Disorganized speech or behavior, or flat or inappropriate emotion Catatonic: Immobility (or excessive, purposeless movement), extreme negativism, and/or parrotlike repeating of another’s speech or movements Undifferentiated or residual: Schizophrenia symptoms without fitting one of the above types Schizophrenia Lifetime risk 40 of developing schizophrenia 30 for relatives of a schizophrenic 20 10 0 General population Siblings Children Fraternal Children Identical twin of two twin schizophrenia victims Psychological Disorders- Etiology Neurotic disorder (term seldom used now) usually distressing but that allows one to think rationally and function socially Freud saw the neurotic disorders as ways of dealing with anxiety Psychotic disorder person loses contact with reality experiences irrational ideas and distorted perceptions Anxiety Disorders Anxiety Disorders distressing, persistent anxiety or maladaptive behaviors that reduce anxiety Generalized Anxiety Disorder person is tense, apprehensive, and in a state of autonomic nervous system arousal Phobia persistent, irrational fear of a specific object or situation Anxiety Disorders Common and uncommon fears 100 Percentage 90 of people 80 surveyed 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Snakes Being Mice Flying Being Spiders Thunder Being Dogs in high, on an closed in, and and alone exposed airplane in a insects lightning In a places small house place at night Afraid of it Bothers slightly Not at all afraid of it Driving Being Cats a car In a crowd of people Anxiety Disorders Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder characterized by unwanted repetitive thoughts (obsessions) and/or actions (compulsions) Panic Disorder marked by a minutes-long episode of intense dread in which a person experiences terror and accompanying chest pain, choking, or other frightening sensation Anxiety Disorders Common Obsessions and Compulsions Among People With Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Thought or Behavior Percentage* Reporting Symptom Obsessions (repetitive thoughts) Concern with dirt, germs, or toxins 40 Something terrible happening (fire, death, illness) 40 Symmetry order, or exactness 24 Compulsions (repetitive behaviors) Excessive hand washing, bathing, tooth brushing, or grooming 85 Repeating rituals (in/out of a door, up/down from a chair) Checking doors, locks, appliances, car brake, homework 51 46 Mood Disorders Mood Disorders characterized by emotional extremes Major Depressive Disorder a mood disorder in which a person, for no apparent reason, experiences two or more weeks of depressed moods, feelings of worthlessness, and diminished interest or pleasure in most activities Mood Disorders Manic Episode a mood disorder marked by a hyperactive, wildly optimistic state Bipolar Disorder a mood disorder in which the person alternates between the hopelessness and lethargy of depression and the overexcited state of mania formerly called manic-depressive disorder Mood DisordersDepression 25 Percentage of population aged 18-84 experiencing major depression at some point In life Around the world women are more susceptible to depression 20 20 15 15 10 10 5 5 0 0 USA Edmonton Puerto Rico Males Females Paris West Florence Beirut Germany Taiwan Korea New Zealand Mood DisordersDepression 10% Percentage depressed 8 Females 6 4 2 Males 0 12-17 18-24 25-34 35-44 45-54 55-64 65-74 75+ Age in Years Mood DisordersSuicide Suicides per 70 100,000 people 60 50 The higher suicide rate among men greatly increases in late adulthood 40 30 20 10 0 15-24 25-34 35-44 45-44 55-64 65-74 75-84 85+ Males Females Mood DisordersSuicide Increasing rates of teen suicide 12% Suicide rate, ages 15 to 19 10 (per 100,000) 8 6 4 2 0 1960 1970 1980 Year 1990 2000 Mood DisordersDepression Brain chemistry Cognition Mood Altering any one component of the chemistrycognition-mood circuit can alter the others Mood DisordersDepression Percentage of observations 35% 30 25 20 15 Negative behaviors Positive behaviors Self-ratings A happy or depressed mood strongly influences people’s ratings of their own behavior Mood DisordersDepression 1 Stressful experiences 4 Cognitive and behavioral changes 3 Depressed mood The vicious cycle of depression can be 2 broken at Negative explanatory style any point Dissociative Disorders Dissociative Disorders conscious awareness becomes separated (dissociated) from previous memories, thoughts, and feelings Dissociative Identity Disorder rare dissociative disorder in which a person exhibits two or more distinct and alternating personalities formerly called multiple personality disorder Personality Disorders Personality Disorders disorders characterized by inflexible and enduring behavior patterns that impair social functioning usually without anxiety, depression, or delusions Personality Disorders Antisocial Personality Disorder disorder in which the person (usually man) exhibits a lack of conscience for wrongdoing, even toward friends and family members may be aggressive and ruthless or a clever con artist Personality Disorders PET scans illustrate reduced activation in a murderer’s frontal cortex Normal Murderer Personality Disorders 35 30 Percentage of criminal offenders 25 20 15 10 5 0 Total crime Childhood poverty Thievery Obstetrical complications Violence Both poverty and obstetrical complications Rates of Psychological Disorders Percentage of Americans Who Have Ever Experienced Psychological Disorders Ethnicity Gender Disorder White Black Hispanic Men Women Totals Alcohol abuse or dependence 13.6% 13.8% 16.7% 23.8% 4.6% 13.8% Generalized anxiety 3.4 6.1 3.7 2.4 5.0 3.8 Phobia 9.7 23.4 12.2 10.4 17.7 14.3 Obsessive-compulsive disorder 2.6 2.3 1.8 2.0 3.0 2.6 Mood disorder 8.0 6.3 7.8 5.2 10.2 7.8 Schizophrenic disorder 1.4 2.1 0.8 1.2 1.7 1.5 Antisocial personality disorder 2.6 2.3 3.4 4.5 0.8 2.6