Download Abnormal Behaviors

Myers’ PSYCHOLOGY
Psychological Disorders
L. Gonzalez
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BC, AD, Century, Now
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Historical Perspectives on
Abnormal behavior
The Ancient World
China (200 BC) Chung Ching stated that both
organ pathologies & stressful psychological
situations were causes of mental disorders.
Greece
Hippocrates (377-460 BC) believed mental illness
was the result of natural, as opposed to
supernatural, causes.
Galen (130-200 AD) divided the causes of mental
disorders into physical and psychological
explanations.
Middle Ages (500-1500 AD)
Islamic countries- a. mental hospitals
were established (792 AD)b. Persian
doctor Sina wrote the Canon of
Medicine(medications).
Europe –abnormal behavior was most
frequently viewed as demonic possession.
treatment entailed – prayer & exorcism.
The Renaissance AD
Spanish nun Teresa of Avila (1515-1582)
established the conceptual framework that
the mind can be sick.
Both Johann Weyer (1515-1588) of
Germany and Scot (1538-1599) of
England used scientific skepticism to
refute the concept of demonic possession.
Humanitarian Reforms (18th-19th
century)
In France, Philippe Pinel (1745-1826)
pioneered a compassionate medical model for
the treatment of the mentally ill & established
a hospital in Paris.
In England, William Tuke (1732-1822)
introduced trained nurses for the mentally ill &
helped to change public attitudes regarding
their treatment.
In US, Benjamin rush (1745-1813) founder of
American Psychiatry, encouraged humane
treatment of the mentally ill & hospitals.
Scientific Advances of the
20th Century
Development in technology such as MRI and
PET scans have added to our knowledge of
the biological bases of psychological disorder.
MRI
PET
Development in pscycho-pharmacology have
provided effective treatment for many
psychological disorder.
ABNORMAL BEHAVIORS
PERSPECTIVES &
DIAGNOSES
Videos – Set up your notes http://educationportal.com/academy/lesson/definition-of-disorders.html#lesson
Definitions of Disorders-What does it mean?
Rosenhan’s Experiment-What did it entail?
Evolution of the DSM –What is it?
5 AXES – write examples for each
1. Clinical Disorders
2. Intellectual Disabilities & Personality Disorders
3. Medical conditions and physical disorders
4. Social & Environmental Factors
5. The Global Assessment of Functioning
Abnormal Behavior Definition
The behavior that is disturbing (socially
unacceptable), distressing, maladaptive (or
self-defeating), and often the result of
distorted thoughts (cognitions).
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BEHAVIOR DISORDERS
PERSPECTIVES
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Perspective
Explanation
Treatment
Example
Illustration
Medical Perspective
Explanation:
Focus on biological and physiological factors as
causes of abnormal behavior .
Treated as a disease, or mental illness, and is
diagnosed through symptoms and cured through
treatment.
Treatment: Hospitalization and drugs are often
preferred methods of treatment rather than
psychological investigation.
Example: Schizophrenia needs medication to quiet
voices, hallucinations and level dopamine.
Psychodynamic Perspective
Explanation: Evolved from Freudian
psychoanalytic theory, which contends that
psychological disorders are the
consequence of anxiety produced by
unresolved, unconscious
conflicts(childhood).
Treatment: focuses on identification and
resolution of the conflicts.
Example: Child neglected, no love will grow
up to not love him/herself or others
Behavioral/Learning Perspective
Explanation: Results from faulty or ineffective
learning and conditioning.
Treatments are designed to reshape disordered
behavior and, using traditional learning
procedures, to teach new, more appropriate, and
more adaptive responses.
For example, a behavioral analysis of a case of
child abuse might suggest that a father abuses his
children because he learned the abusive behavior
from his father and must now learn more
appropriate parenting tactics
Cognitive Perspective
Explanation: People engage in abnormal behavior
because of particular thoughts and behaviors that
are often based upon their false assumptions. This
is how the information is being decoded and
retrieved (interpreted or memory issues).
Treatments are oriented toward helping the
maladjusted individual develop new thought
processes and new values.
Therapy is a process of unlearning maladaptive
habits and replacing them with more useful ones.
Example: Anger issues from low road to high road
Social-Cultural Perspective
Explain: Abnormal behavior is learned within a
social context ranging from the family, to the
community, to the culture.
Treatment: Introducing and teaching the
individual about in abnormal behavior within
the culture by comparing and contrasting.
Example: Anorexia nervosa and bulimia are
psychological disorders found mostly in
Western cultures, which value the thin female
body
Biological Perspective
Views abnormal behavior as arising from a
physical cause, such as genetic inheritance,
biochemical abnormalities or imbalances,
structural abnormalities within the brain, and/or
infections
Agrees that physical causes are of central
importance but also recognizes the influence of
biological, psychological, and social factors in the
study, identification, and treatment of
psychological disorders
Bio-Psych-Social
Perspective
States Psychologists contend that ALL
behavior, whether called normal or
disordered arises from the interaction of
nature and nurture. The bio-psycho-social
perspective is a contemporary perspective
which assumes that biological,
sociocultural, and psychological factors
combine and interact to produce
psychological disorders.
Abnormal Behavior Disorders – pairs of 3/computer
lab Wednesday-Turn in outline/present Friday to
peers
1.
2.
What is the disorder?
Explain the disorder.
1. What causes it? (age)
2. Symptoms
3. Treatment
4. A “real” case study of someone who had/has this disorder
5. Common or not?
Mood DisordersBipolar
PET scans show that brain energy consumption
rises and falls with emotional swings
Depressed state
Manic state
Depressed state
Anxiety Disorders
PET Scan of brain of
person with Obsessive/
Compulsive disorder
High metabolic activity
(red) in frontal lobe
areas involved with
directing attention
Psychological
Disorders- Etiology
DSM-IV
American Psychiatric Association’s
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of
Mental Disorders (Fourth Edition)
a widely used system for classifying
psychological disorders
Hand out
Take out disorder sheet
 add Borderline Personality disorder
MENTAL DISORDERS
Schizophrenia
Schizophrenia
literal translation “split mind”
a group of severe disorders
characterized by:
disorganized and delusional thinking
disturbed perceptions
inappropriate emotions and actions
Schizophrenia
Delusions
false beliefs, often of torture or
greatness, that may accompany
psychotic disorders
Hallucinations
false sensory experiences such as seeing
something without any external visual
stimulus
Schizophrenia
Subtypes of Schizophrenia
Paranoid:
Preoccupation with delusions or hallucinations
Disorganized:
Disorganized speech or behavior, or flat or inappropriate
emotion
Catatonic:
Immobility (or excessive, purposeless movement),
extreme negativism, and/or parrotlike repeating of
another’s speech or movements
Undifferentiated
or residual:
Schizophrenia symptoms without fitting one of the
above types
Schizophrenia
Lifetime risk 40
of developing
schizophrenia 30
for relatives of
a schizophrenic
20
10
0
General
population
Siblings
Children
Fraternal Children
Identical
twin
of two
twin
schizophrenia
victims
Psychological
Disorders- Etiology
Neurotic disorder (term seldom used now)
usually distressing but that allows one to
think rationally and function socially
Freud saw the neurotic disorders as ways of
dealing with anxiety
Psychotic disorder
person loses contact with reality
experiences irrational ideas and distorted
perceptions
Anxiety Disorders
Anxiety Disorders
distressing, persistent anxiety or maladaptive
behaviors that reduce anxiety
Generalized Anxiety Disorder
person is tense, apprehensive, and in a state
of autonomic nervous system arousal
Phobia
persistent, irrational fear of a specific object
or situation
Anxiety Disorders
Common and uncommon fears
100
Percentage 90
of people 80
surveyed
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Snakes
Being Mice Flying Being Spiders Thunder Being Dogs
in high,
on an closed in, and
and
alone
exposed
airplane in a
insects lightning In a
places
small
house
place
at night
Afraid of it
Bothers slightly
Not at all afraid of it
Driving Being
Cats
a car
In a
crowd
of people
Anxiety Disorders
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
characterized by unwanted repetitive
thoughts (obsessions) and/or actions
(compulsions)
Panic Disorder
marked by a minutes-long episode of intense
dread in which a person experiences terror
and accompanying chest pain, choking, or
other frightening sensation
Anxiety Disorders
Common Obsessions and Compulsions Among
People With Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
Thought or Behavior
Percentage*
Reporting Symptom
Obsessions (repetitive thoughts)
Concern with dirt, germs, or toxins
40
Something terrible happening (fire, death, illness)
40
Symmetry order, or exactness
24
Compulsions (repetitive behaviors)
Excessive hand washing, bathing, tooth brushing,
or grooming
85
Repeating rituals (in/out of a door,
up/down from a chair)
Checking doors, locks, appliances,
car brake, homework
51
46
Mood Disorders
Mood Disorders
characterized by emotional extremes
Major Depressive Disorder
a mood disorder in which a person, for
no apparent reason, experiences two or
more weeks of depressed moods,
feelings of worthlessness, and
diminished interest or pleasure in most
activities
Mood Disorders
Manic Episode
a mood disorder marked by a
hyperactive, wildly optimistic state
Bipolar Disorder
a mood disorder in which the person
alternates between the hopelessness
and lethargy of depression and the
overexcited state of mania
formerly called manic-depressive
disorder
Mood DisordersDepression
25
Percentage
of population
aged 18-84
experiencing
major
depression
at some
point In life
Around the world
women are more
susceptible to
depression
20
20
15
15
10
10
5
5
0
0
USA Edmonton Puerto
Rico
Males
Females
Paris
West
Florence Beirut
Germany
Taiwan
Korea
New
Zealand
Mood DisordersDepression
10%
Percentage
depressed 8
Females
6
4
2
Males
0
12-17 18-24 25-34 35-44 45-54 55-64 65-74 75+
Age in Years
Mood DisordersSuicide
Suicides per 70
100,000 people 60
50
The higher suicide rate
among men greatly
increases in late
adulthood
40
30
20
10
0
15-24 25-34 35-44 45-44 55-64 65-74 75-84 85+
Males
Females
Mood DisordersSuicide
Increasing rates of teen suicide
12%
Suicide rate,
ages 15 to 19 10
(per 100,000)
8
6
4
2
0
1960
1970
1980
Year
1990
2000
Mood DisordersDepression
Brain
chemistry
Cognition
Mood
Altering any one
component of
the chemistrycognition-mood
circuit can alter
the others
Mood DisordersDepression
Percentage of
observations
35%
30
25
20
15
Negative
behaviors
Positive
behaviors
Self-ratings
A happy or
depressed
mood
strongly
influences
people’s
ratings of
their own
behavior
Mood DisordersDepression
1
Stressful
experiences
4
Cognitive and
behavioral changes
3
Depressed
mood
The vicious
cycle of
depression
can be
2
broken at
Negative
explanatory style
any point
Dissociative
Disorders
Dissociative Disorders
conscious awareness becomes separated
(dissociated) from previous memories,
thoughts, and feelings
Dissociative Identity Disorder
rare dissociative disorder in which a person
exhibits two or more distinct and alternating
personalities
formerly called multiple personality disorder
Personality Disorders
Personality Disorders
disorders characterized by inflexible
and enduring behavior patterns that
impair social functioning
usually without anxiety, depression, or
delusions
Personality Disorders
Antisocial Personality Disorder
disorder in which the person (usually
man) exhibits a lack of conscience for
wrongdoing, even toward friends and
family members
may be aggressive and ruthless or a
clever con artist
Personality Disorders
PET scans illustrate reduced activation in
a murderer’s frontal cortex
Normal
Murderer
Personality Disorders
35
30
Percentage
of criminal
offenders
25
20
15
10
5
0
Total crime
Childhood
poverty
Thievery
Obstetrical
complications
Violence
Both poverty
and obstetrical
complications
Rates of Psychological
Disorders
Percentage of Americans Who Have Ever Experienced Psychological Disorders
Ethnicity
Gender
Disorder
White
Black
Hispanic
Men
Women
Totals
Alcohol abuse
or dependence
13.6%
13.8%
16.7%
23.8%
4.6%
13.8%
Generalized anxiety
3.4
6.1
3.7
2.4
5.0
3.8
Phobia
9.7
23.4
12.2
10.4
17.7
14.3
Obsessive-compulsive
disorder
2.6
2.3
1.8
2.0
3.0
2.6
Mood disorder
8.0
6.3
7.8
5.2
10.2
7.8
Schizophrenic
disorder
1.4
2.1
0.8
1.2
1.7
1.5
Antisocial personality
disorder
2.6
2.3
3.4
4.5
0.8
2.6