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“Hearing for those who have lost it” Flipping a Broken Switch? Mechanics of Hearing The 1,000s of sensory receptors are made up of tiny hairs in the inner ear . Sound waves are amplified by the hairs, which vibrate when exposed to sound waves. The hair-vibration open ion channels (chemical channels) that let neurotransmitters flow in – triggering electrical activity in cochlear neurons. Electrical activity in the cochlea is passed on to the brain for processing. The Procedure • For volunteers who have lost their hearing through damage (constant exposure to high decibels) or disease. • Injection of a virus containing a gene that should trigger the regrowth of sensory receptors in the ear. – The virus has been stripped of its DNA, which has been replaced with a gene that will hopefully trigger sensory receptor regrowth (has worked in mice). Questions • Why are they using an engineered virus carrying the gene that triggers hair growth? • What happens once the virus is inside the inner ear? • How does the gene work once it has been delivered? Gene Incorporation • The virus “injects” the gene into the genome of the cells that make the inner ear’s hairs. • Once incorporated into the DNA of the cells, it throws a switch to restart the cells that control the growth of the hairs. • The procedure has been performed successfully in mice and has been approved for trials in people who have lost their hearing. – Replaces cochlear implants.