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Transcript
ATH241 WSU Fa08 Introduction to Physical Anthropology Tu & Th 10:25-12:05 Room 148 Russ Anthropology Lab 065 Millett Hall J.A. Coate, PhD Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Subphylum: Vertebrata Class: Mammalia Subclass: Theria Infraclass: Eutheria Cohort: Unguiculata Order: Primates Suborder: Haplorrhini Infraorder: Simiiformes Parvorder: Catarrhini Superfamily: Hominoidea Family: Hominidae Subfamily: Homininae Tribe: Hominini Genus: Homo Species: sapiens Traditional, Pre-molecular, Paraphyletic Pongo Gorilla Pan Pongidae Homo Hominidae Hominoidea Cladistics influenced, Molecular/Morphological, Monophyletic Pongo G. Pan Panina Homo Hominina Hominini Ponginae Homininae Hominidae chimps Present TIME Fossil Record ? ~5-8 MYA humans Ardipithecus kadabba 5.2-5.8 Mya Middle Awash, Ethiopia Present TIME Genetic Record ~5-8 MYA chimps humans acacgtgatcgatgctagctagtgcatgctgatcgagcagtcgatgtttacgtagcgatgtatatcaggtg ctacaggcacttttcgtagcatgcatcgatcgatcagcgacgatcgatgcgatcgatgctagtgcagtcg atcggatgcagcagctagtttactatgctactagctatgagcaggaggctatacggattattatcggatct gaatcgatcatgagctatcgagcacggaacagcagtcagcatgcgggctatagctgagctatcagctat tcatcggagctataatatattatcgtgcttagcgatcgtcgatctagcgtactagcgtatctgagcatctac gagtctcaggctactagcgatctactgctgacgatttatctagcactaggtcatgcgtactacacaatagc tgatcgattatcgatcgatcgatgctagtcggacgatgcatgctgatcgtagctagtcgggcatcgatgct agctagtcgagctagtcgatgctagtcgagcagctgatcgatgctagtcgagctattatcgagtcgagc gatattacgagcgacgtaattagctagtcgatgctagctgatcgtagctagtcgatgcatgactgatcgat gctagctagctgagcatgctaattatcgatatcggcgcgagtcagctagtgcatgctgatcgatgcatgc atgctgatgcgattttgcagcatgctgatgcgaggatgatatcgatcgatgctatatcgatgctagcagct gatcgtagctgacgatgcagtcgatgctagctgatcgatgctaattcgagcgatcgatgctagctagtgt cgatatcgatgctgctaagctagctagctgattagctagctagcgcggcggcagtaatattatatattcga tgcatgcgcagctagtgacgagcagcgatgcatgctagctgacgatgcagctgatgattattaatgcgat ttgatcatcgatgcatgcatataatatatcgatcgatgctagtcgacgagctagcagctagctagctatttat acagtgtataccgatgcatgctagtattacgatatatcgacgtagctagcagctagctagcatcgatgcta Evolution and faith-based alternatives + Evolution is highly misunderstood + Not necessarily mutually exclusively + Unnecessary controversy + “Evolution is just a theory.” “Yeah, I know; So is gravity.” + Without evolution, nothing in biology makes sense. Development of Evolutionary Theory Pre-Evolutionary people and ideas • Scala naturae or Great chain of being; organisms were immutable, i.e. “fixity of species” and seen as types or essences. • Other cultures had ideas of biological change but no cohesive mechanism or theory. • 1492 New World discovered by Western Europe • Later Trans-oceanic voyages revealed incredible biodiversity. • Copernicus, 1514 ‘heliocentric’ solar system not ‘geocentric’ • Later restated by Galileo in the early 1600s. • During this time the earth was thought to be only a few thousand years old. Pre-Evolutionary people and ideas • Ray (1627-1705) : exclusive mating and fertile offspring, used genus and species categories separately. • Linnaeus (1707-1778) : standardized Ray’s genus and species categories creating binomial nomenclature, placed humans in animal classification; however, he was very religious. • Buffon (1707-1788) : strong relationship between the changing environment and organism but did not believe species could give rise to another species. • E. Darwin (1731-1802; Charles Darwin’s grandfather) : life had originated in the seas, vast expanse of time and all species descended from a common ancestor. Pre-Evolutionary people and ideas • Lamarck (1744-1829) : “biology” and stressed importance between species and environment; offered an [incorrect] explanation as to how change in species occurs, i.e. “inheritance of acquired characteristics” or “use-disuse theory”. • Cuvier (1769-1832) : extinction and catastrophism. • Malthus (1766-1834) : “population size increases exponentially while food supplies remain relatively stable”. Pre-Evolutionary people and ideas • Lyell (1797-1875) : father of modern geology and developed uniformitarianism (“the theory that the earth’s features are the result of longterm processes that continue to operate in the present as they did in the past…This theory contributed strongly to the concept of immense geological time” p. 27. E.g. erosion, glaciers, island and mountain building, etc. • Mary Anning (1799-1847) : “fossilist” Discovery of natural selection • C. Darwin (1809-1882) : HMS Beagle (1831-1836); natural selection and compiled large amounts of biological evidence. • A. Wallace (1823-1913) : independently develops natural selection • 1838 Darwin reads essay by Malthus. • 1855 Wallace publishes paper which discusses how species are descended from other species; this compels Darwin to publish. • 1858 papers by Darwin and Wallace were read before the Linnean society in London, neither author was present. • On the origin of species, 1859 • G. Mendel (1822-1884) : genetics Natural Selection Natural Selection – “Genetic change or changes in the frequencies of certain traits in populations due to differential reproductive success between individuals” The basic processes of evolution, as Darwin understood them, are as follows… 1. All species can produce species faster than the rate of food production (from Malthus). 2. Biological Variation, both genetically and phenotypically (from immunity to internal organs and external appearance). 3. Competition for limited resources and mates; ‘struggle for existence’ (from Lyell and Malthus). 4. Organisms with favorable traits have a more likelihood a of survival and reproduction (i.e. survival of the fittest). Normal distribution: the bell curve Processes of Natural Selection 5. Environmental context determines whether or not a trait is beneficial (E.g. the peppered moth). 6. Traits are inherited and passed on to the next generation. 7. After large amounts of time and variation, descendant generations can be quite distinct from their former ancestors (i.e. descent with modification). 8. Geographic isolation contributes to formation of new species, particularly on islands. Natural selection in action • • • • The peppered moth Finches of the Galapagos Islands Bighorn mountain sheep (see Weiner) Consider also drug-resistant diseases or pesticide-resistant insects. Fundamentals of Evolutionary change brought about by Natural Selection 1. “A trait must be inherited if natural selection is to act on it (e.g. finch beak size; see Weiner). 2. Natural selection can’t occur without population variation in inherited characteristics. Selection can only work with variation that already exists (remember rule of large numbers and a normal distribution). Fundamentals of Evolutionary change brought about by Natural Selection 3. Fitness (differential reproductive success) is a relative measure that changes as the environment changes. (e.g. peppered moth) 4. Natural selection can only act on traits that affect reproduction” p. 34-35. Constraints on 19th century evolutionary theory • Genetics and inheritance unknown during this time. • The work of Mendel not appreciated until the early 1900s. • The evolutionary synthesis of the 1930s-1940s saw the merging of genetics and natural selection. Opposition to evolution • Since the publication of “The origin of species” there has been incredible debate. • E.g. the Scopes monkey trial in Tennessee, 1925 • Why? • Mechanisms of evolution are complex. • Many people are not taught biology or genetics or paleontology. • Science and religion both explain phenomena differently; • Science involves data analysis, hypothesis testing and interpretation; • Religion offers a system of beliefs based on faith which are not amenable to scientific testing. Key concepts of Evolution: • Reproductive success – “The number of offspring an individual produces and rears to reproductive age; an individual’s genetic contribution to the next generation” p. 32. • Selective pressures - “Forces in the environment that influence reproductive success in individuals” p. 33. E.g. climate, food and mate availability, predation, disease, etc. Key concepts of Evolution: • Fitness – “A measure of relative reproductive success of individuals. Fitness can be measured by an individual’s genetic contribution to the next generation compared to that of other individuals” p.35. • Adaptation – “Functional response (may be physical or behavioral) of an organism or populations to the environment. Adaptation results from evolutionary change (specifically as a result of natural selection)” p. 400. Key concepts of Evolution: • Ontogeny (growth and development) and Phylogeny (evolutionary history). • Genotype (the genetic code) and Phenotype (the physical organism). • Gene flow (genetic admixture) and genetic drift (or founder effect; random fluctuations in allele frequencies). • Mutation (alteration of the genetic code) • Morphology (the 3-d shape of a organ, structure or functional complex) Key concepts of Evolution: • Anagenesis (or phyletic evolution) and Cladogenesis (or divergent evolution) • Microevolution and Macroevolution • Sexual selection: E.g. coloration of male and female birds. • Artificial selection: domesticated animals and plants. Types of reproduction: • K-selected: An adaptive strategy whereby individuals produce relatively few offspring in whom they invest increased parental care (e.g. humans). • r-selected: An adaptive strategy that emphasizes relatively large numbers of offspring and reduced parent care (e.g. mice or fish or coral). Readings • #1 Shermer – Vestigial remains. • #3 Weiner – evolution in action, sockeye salmon, bacteria. • #4 Rennie – the weakness of creationist arguments; there are several transitional fossils. • #5 Alters & Alters – evolution provides a unifying theory for science; and several other disciplines (biology, geology, paleontology, chemistry, genetics, etc.) have all converged on similar conclusions.