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Natural Selection Darwin’s Ideas Setting the stage for Darwin Explaining the natural world in the Middle Ages (≈ A. D. 400 - early 1500s) º European worldview: • Creation • Fixity of Species Great Chain of Being • Age of Earth As new data became available people began to question old explanations and develop new ones Laying the foundation for Darwin Linnaeus º Systema Naturae = classification system for all living organisms • binomial nomenclature Lamarck º Lamarckism = evolutionary explanation for change in species through time: • Traits acquired by parents are inherited by their offspring = change in species through time Cuvier º Catastrophism = metaphysical explanation for change in species through time • Repeated creation events, each ended by a catastrophe. Lyell º Uniformitarianism = geological explanation for formation of Earth’s features • Geological forces that shape the Earth today have worked in the same fashion through time. Malthus º An Essay on Principles of Population = • Limiting environmental factors keep natural tendency for overproduction in check. Darwin’s Natural Selection Proposed an evolutionary explanation for change in species through time (generation to generation): º Within any species in a given environment the following will lead to change in a species: 1. Overproduction ¶ every generation more individuals are produced than can be supported by environment 2. Variation ¶ no 2 individuals are exactly alike 3. Selection of favorable variation ¶ those individuals more suited to environmental selective pressures have higher net reproductive success, less suited will have lower net reproductive success 4. Inheritance of favorable variation ¶ traits selected for in previous generation will be more common in next generation 5. Evolution : Change in species through time ¶ as a result of natural selection acting on individual’s net reproductive success, later generations may be distinctly different from earlier generations.