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LIFE SCIENCE
REVIEW
What is an organism?
• Organism- a living thing
• What are some examples?
• Can you give some
categories?
–Plants
–Animals
–Fungus
–Protists
–Bacteria
–Archaebaceria
What is a classification
system?
• Classification System- a way
to organize things into
categories.
Why?
–To make a complex group
easier to understand.
• How are students
classified?
Why does this relate to Life
Science?
• Organisms are classified
according to properties that
they have.
• The most important properties
are how they have evolved
• This also is related to how they
reproduce and obtain food.
The most basic level is the…
KINGDOMS
• There are six:
–Animalia
–Plantae
–Fungi
–Protista
–Bacteria
–Arcaebacteria
Animalia
• Multicellular
• Obtain food by eating
others
Plantae
• Multicellular
• Produce food through
photosynthesis
Fungi
• Obtain food by eating
others (often decaying)
• Reproduce with spores
Protista
• Simple unicellular or
simple multicellular
–Molds
–Some simple algae
–“junk drawer”
Bacteria
• Unicellular
• Simple – do not contain
nucleus
• Examples- NOT ALL BAD
–Antibiotics, TB,, yogurt, soil
–10 times the number of bacteria
cells in your body compared to
your own cells; digestion, skin
Arcaebacteria
• Unicellular- no nucleus
• Share properties within
their cells similar to BOTH
Bacteria and Eukaryotes
(animalia, plantae, and
fungi)
Classification 26.10 Evo
Archaea 6.40 Bio
• Tim and Moby
–Classification
–Kingdoms
–Bacteria
–Protista
Can You…
Classify organisms into the
currently recognized
kingdoms according to
characteristics that they
share. Be familiar with
organisms from each
kingdom.
What forms of life are made
out of cells?
Are Cells made of atoms and
molecules?
What are some things that
cells need to do?
• The same functions of any
organism
–Obtain energy
–Protect Itself
–Remove waste
–Reproduce
• Microorganisms- Bio 1.48
Tim and Moby
• Cells
• Cell Structures
• Cell Specialization
Can You?
• Recognize that all organisms
are composed of cells, and
that many organisms are
single-celled (unicellular), e.g.,
bacteria, yeast. In these
single-celled organisms, one
cell must carry out all of the
basic functions of life.
What is the name smallest
organism that can exist on its
own?
A Cell
• Do cells work alone within an
organism?
NO
• Cell Differentiation 16.26
What is the name for a group
of cells working together?
Tissues
• there are 4 basic types in
animals:
–Nerve,
–muscle,
–epidermal, and
–connective
What is the name of a group
of tissues working together?
Organs
• There are many organs in
the body.
…………….Name a few
What is the name of a group
of organs working together?
Organ Systems
• There are many organ
systems in the body.
…………….Name a few
What is the name of a group
of organ systems working
together?
Organisms
What are the 5 kingdoms of
organisms?
What is the name of a
group of organisms
working together?
• Depends on the group
–http://www.rinkworks.com/wo
rds/collective.shtml
Again
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
A group
Organisms
Organ systems
Organs
Tissues
Cells
Organelles
E
v
e
n
f
a
r
t
h
e
r
Can You?
• Describe the hierarchical
organization of multicellular
organisms from cells to
tissues to organs to systems
to organisms.
How is it possible that
there is life on Earth if
every organism dies?
Reproduction and heredity.
What is heredity?
The transfer of genetically
controlled characteristics
one generation to the next
in living organisms.
• What are some traits that
are genetic? (pic clues)
What is a chromosome?
• A structure, usually found
in pairs in a cell nucleus,
that carries the
characteristics an
organism inherits from its
parents.
# of chromosomes?
• A human body cell usually
contains 46 chromosomes
• They are arranged in 23
pairs.
What are some traits that are
passed on through
chromosomes?
•
•
•
•
•
Gender
Hair type
Flower colors
Etc.
Some traits are very complex and not
represented simply on one
chromosome.
• Genetics clips 1-3
1.55-12.00
Tim and Moby
• Heredity
Can You?
Recognize that every organism
requires a set of instructions
that specifies its traits. These
instructions are stored in the
organism’s chromosomes.
Heredity is the passage of
these instructions from one
generation to another.
Is the human body complex?
• Is an organ complex?
• Is a cell complex?
VERY
• If you were to somehow
unravel a single genome
from a cell it would be about
100 cm long.
• However, if you put all the
DNA in one nucleus of one
cell end to end it would
stretch 3 Km.
How many genes are there in
a human?
• Approximately 30,000
genes in one human cell
and they are all found
within the 23 pairs of
chromosomes.
A gene is a
strand of DNA
• DNA genetic material
Gen 16.54
-
Can You?
• Recognize that hereditary
information is contained in
genes located in the
chromosomes of each cell. A
human cell contains about
30,000 different genes on 23
different chromosomes.
Reproduction
REagain
Production
- to make
“the production of offspring”
There are two types of
reproduction
What does the PREFIX “a” mean? (it
has 3 meanings)
Asymmetrical, apathy
In asexual reproduction a
SINGLE organism passes on
exact genetic copies of
itself.
• Tim and Moby
–Asexual reproduction
• In sexual reproduction the
offspring is a combination
of the genetic material of
the parents. Half of the
genetic material comes
from each parent.
Mitosis and Meiosis
• What is mitosis?
?
–Cell division with the same
number of chromosomes
• What is meiosis?
–Cell division with half of
chromosomes
?
• Cell Division bio 10.04
• Mitosis bio 12.53 (right
afterwards)
Tim and Moby
• Mitosis
Dominant and Recessive
Traits?
• If a father has Aa and
mother has aa, then what
are possibilities for the
offspring?
Remember
chromosomes have many,
many genes.
• PUNNET SQUARES
Can You?
Compare sexual reproduction
(offspring inherit half of their
genes from each parent)
with asexual reproduction
(offspring is an identical
copy of the parent’s cell).
What is the name of the
process by which all
species develop from earlier
forms of life?
• Evolution
–Def.- a process of change in
a certain direction
• Potential for lifeevo 11.32
How does it work?
Natural variation in the
genetic material of a
population favors
reproduction by some
individuals more than
others, so that over the
generations all members of
the population come to
possess the favorable traits.
Basically
• Organisms that have some
genetic advantage are more
likely to successfully
reproduce
• and over time these genetic
advantages become
expressed more.
• Natural Selection
–Top 10- 35.07
Let’s say for example that
people who can loop their
tongues…
Think about this example
• A horse-like organism that
eats leaves from bushes
and trees…
Giraffes
Another example
• An insect that feeds on a
specific type of leaf…
Preying Mantis
Birds and Beaks Handout
Tim and Moby
• Natural Selection
Can You?
• Give examples of ways in
which genetic variation and
environmental factors are
causes of evolution and the
diversity of organisms.
Why are there so many
different species?
• Read handout
• Basically it primarily relates
to diversity of climates and
related ecosystems AND
need to get food.
• Ecosystem Bio 12
• Tropical Biodiversity
Bio13
Tim and Moby
• Ecosystems
Can You?
Recognize that biological
evolution accounts for the
diversity of species
developed through gradual
processes over many
generations.
What happens if organisms
are unable to change to
surroundings?
What could happen…?
… if there was a very long
drought and trees could not
produce many leaves and
seeds?
OR…if there was a new type
of predator around that was
stronger, smarter, and
faster?
What happens…
…if a highway blocked a
typical migration route?
Extinction.
Extinction
• Extinctions occur when a
species is not equipped to
deal with a change.
• KT Extinction event
Evo 1.46
Extinction
• What has been the largest
cause of changes that has
led towards extinctions in
the last 3000 years ?
• Scientists estimate there are
10 to 30 million plant and
animal species on the planet,
most of them unidentified.
Each year as many as 50,000
species disappear. Most die
off because of human activity.
• What are we doing to cause
extinctions?
• We take natural habitats to:
– convert them to agriculture,
–to suburbia,
–to roads,
–to monoculture forestry.
–We fish the oceans so heavily we
literally have these trolling nets
that scrape the bottom of the
ocean clean.
Tim and Moby
• Extinction
Can You?
• Relate the extinction of
species to a mismatch of
adaptation and the
environment.
Parts of a cell
• What are organelles?
• What are some parts of a
cell?
• What are some parts of a
plant cell?
What is a ________?
• nucleus
• mitochondria
• vacuoles
• cytoplasm
• cell membrane
2 UNIQUE FOR PLANTS
–chloroplasts
–cell wall
Ecosystem
• What are they?
–An area where life (plants,
animals, fungi, bacteria,
protists, archea.), landscape,
and climate all interact.
Ecosystems
• How can organisms
interact? (food web)
• What is symbiosis?
– Mutalism- both benifit
– Commensalism- one benefit, other no affect
– Antaganistic- one benefit, other harmed
–
–
–
Amensalism-one harmed, other no affect
Neutralism- neither benefits
Synnecrosis- both are harmed
How do ecosystems
change?
• What is succession?\
–The forming of new
ecosystems or changing
them
• Primary- as land emerges
• Secondary- disturbance
Fill in the _______
• Group teaching will start.
Form 6 new, equally-sized
groups; you have 1
minute.
Groups
• 3. Compare and contrast plant and animal cells, including major
organelles (cell membrane, cell wall, nucleus, cytoplasm,
chloroplasts, mitochondria, vacuoles).
• 4. Recognize that within cells, many of the basic functions of
organisms (e.g., extracting energy from food and getting rid of
waste) are carried out. The way in which cells function is similar in
all living organisms.
• 6. Identify the general functions of the major systems of the human
body (digestion, respiration, reproduction, circulation, excretion,
protection from disease, and movement, control, and coordination)
and describe ways that these systems interact with each other.
• 11. Recognize that evidence drawn from geology, fossils, and
comparative anatomy provides the basis of the theory of evolution.
13-16 Are together:
• 13. Give examples of ways in which organisms interact and have
different functions within an ecosystem that enable the ecosystem to
survive.
• 14. Explain the roles and relationships among producers,
consumers, and decomposers in the process of energy transfer in a
food web.
• 15. Explain how dead plants and animals are broken down by other
living organisms and how this process contributes to the system as
a whole.
• 16. Recognize that producers (plants that contain chlorophyll) use
the energy from sunlight to make sugars from carbon dioxide and
water through a process called photosynthesis. This food can be
used immediately, stored for later use, or used by other organisms.
•
17. Identify ways in which
ecosystems have changed
throughout geologic time in
response to physical conditions,
interactions among organisms, and
the actions of humans. Describe
how changes may be catastrophes
such as volcanic eruptions or ice
storms.