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LIFE SCIENCE REVIEW What is an organism? • Organism- a living thing • What are some examples? • Can you give some categories? –Plants –Animals –Fungus –Protists –Bacteria –Archaebaceria What is a classification system? • Classification System- a way to organize things into categories. Why? –To make a complex group easier to understand. • How are students classified? Why does this relate to Life Science? • Organisms are classified according to properties that they have. • The most important properties are how they have evolved • This also is related to how they reproduce and obtain food. The most basic level is the… KINGDOMS • There are six: –Animalia –Plantae –Fungi –Protista –Bacteria –Arcaebacteria Animalia • Multicellular • Obtain food by eating others Plantae • Multicellular • Produce food through photosynthesis Fungi • Obtain food by eating others (often decaying) • Reproduce with spores Protista • Simple unicellular or simple multicellular –Molds –Some simple algae –“junk drawer” Bacteria • Unicellular • Simple – do not contain nucleus • Examples- NOT ALL BAD –Antibiotics, TB,, yogurt, soil –10 times the number of bacteria cells in your body compared to your own cells; digestion, skin Arcaebacteria • Unicellular- no nucleus • Share properties within their cells similar to BOTH Bacteria and Eukaryotes (animalia, plantae, and fungi) Classification 26.10 Evo Archaea 6.40 Bio • Tim and Moby –Classification –Kingdoms –Bacteria –Protista Can You… Classify organisms into the currently recognized kingdoms according to characteristics that they share. Be familiar with organisms from each kingdom. What forms of life are made out of cells? Are Cells made of atoms and molecules? What are some things that cells need to do? • The same functions of any organism –Obtain energy –Protect Itself –Remove waste –Reproduce • Microorganisms- Bio 1.48 Tim and Moby • Cells • Cell Structures • Cell Specialization Can You? • Recognize that all organisms are composed of cells, and that many organisms are single-celled (unicellular), e.g., bacteria, yeast. In these single-celled organisms, one cell must carry out all of the basic functions of life. What is the name smallest organism that can exist on its own? A Cell • Do cells work alone within an organism? NO • Cell Differentiation 16.26 What is the name for a group of cells working together? Tissues • there are 4 basic types in animals: –Nerve, –muscle, –epidermal, and –connective What is the name of a group of tissues working together? Organs • There are many organs in the body. …………….Name a few What is the name of a group of organs working together? Organ Systems • There are many organ systems in the body. …………….Name a few What is the name of a group of organ systems working together? Organisms What are the 5 kingdoms of organisms? What is the name of a group of organisms working together? • Depends on the group –http://www.rinkworks.com/wo rds/collective.shtml Again • • • • • • • A group Organisms Organ systems Organs Tissues Cells Organelles E v e n f a r t h e r Can You? • Describe the hierarchical organization of multicellular organisms from cells to tissues to organs to systems to organisms. How is it possible that there is life on Earth if every organism dies? Reproduction and heredity. What is heredity? The transfer of genetically controlled characteristics one generation to the next in living organisms. • What are some traits that are genetic? (pic clues) What is a chromosome? • A structure, usually found in pairs in a cell nucleus, that carries the characteristics an organism inherits from its parents. # of chromosomes? • A human body cell usually contains 46 chromosomes • They are arranged in 23 pairs. What are some traits that are passed on through chromosomes? • • • • • Gender Hair type Flower colors Etc. Some traits are very complex and not represented simply on one chromosome. • Genetics clips 1-3 1.55-12.00 Tim and Moby • Heredity Can You? Recognize that every organism requires a set of instructions that specifies its traits. These instructions are stored in the organism’s chromosomes. Heredity is the passage of these instructions from one generation to another. Is the human body complex? • Is an organ complex? • Is a cell complex? VERY • If you were to somehow unravel a single genome from a cell it would be about 100 cm long. • However, if you put all the DNA in one nucleus of one cell end to end it would stretch 3 Km. How many genes are there in a human? • Approximately 30,000 genes in one human cell and they are all found within the 23 pairs of chromosomes. A gene is a strand of DNA • DNA genetic material Gen 16.54 - Can You? • Recognize that hereditary information is contained in genes located in the chromosomes of each cell. A human cell contains about 30,000 different genes on 23 different chromosomes. Reproduction REagain Production - to make “the production of offspring” There are two types of reproduction What does the PREFIX “a” mean? (it has 3 meanings) Asymmetrical, apathy In asexual reproduction a SINGLE organism passes on exact genetic copies of itself. • Tim and Moby –Asexual reproduction • In sexual reproduction the offspring is a combination of the genetic material of the parents. Half of the genetic material comes from each parent. Mitosis and Meiosis • What is mitosis? ? –Cell division with the same number of chromosomes • What is meiosis? –Cell division with half of chromosomes ? • Cell Division bio 10.04 • Mitosis bio 12.53 (right afterwards) Tim and Moby • Mitosis Dominant and Recessive Traits? • If a father has Aa and mother has aa, then what are possibilities for the offspring? Remember chromosomes have many, many genes. • PUNNET SQUARES Can You? Compare sexual reproduction (offspring inherit half of their genes from each parent) with asexual reproduction (offspring is an identical copy of the parent’s cell). What is the name of the process by which all species develop from earlier forms of life? • Evolution –Def.- a process of change in a certain direction • Potential for lifeevo 11.32 How does it work? Natural variation in the genetic material of a population favors reproduction by some individuals more than others, so that over the generations all members of the population come to possess the favorable traits. Basically • Organisms that have some genetic advantage are more likely to successfully reproduce • and over time these genetic advantages become expressed more. • Natural Selection –Top 10- 35.07 Let’s say for example that people who can loop their tongues… Think about this example • A horse-like organism that eats leaves from bushes and trees… Giraffes Another example • An insect that feeds on a specific type of leaf… Preying Mantis Birds and Beaks Handout Tim and Moby • Natural Selection Can You? • Give examples of ways in which genetic variation and environmental factors are causes of evolution and the diversity of organisms. Why are there so many different species? • Read handout • Basically it primarily relates to diversity of climates and related ecosystems AND need to get food. • Ecosystem Bio 12 • Tropical Biodiversity Bio13 Tim and Moby • Ecosystems Can You? Recognize that biological evolution accounts for the diversity of species developed through gradual processes over many generations. What happens if organisms are unable to change to surroundings? What could happen…? … if there was a very long drought and trees could not produce many leaves and seeds? OR…if there was a new type of predator around that was stronger, smarter, and faster? What happens… …if a highway blocked a typical migration route? Extinction. Extinction • Extinctions occur when a species is not equipped to deal with a change. • KT Extinction event Evo 1.46 Extinction • What has been the largest cause of changes that has led towards extinctions in the last 3000 years ? • Scientists estimate there are 10 to 30 million plant and animal species on the planet, most of them unidentified. Each year as many as 50,000 species disappear. Most die off because of human activity. • What are we doing to cause extinctions? • We take natural habitats to: – convert them to agriculture, –to suburbia, –to roads, –to monoculture forestry. –We fish the oceans so heavily we literally have these trolling nets that scrape the bottom of the ocean clean. Tim and Moby • Extinction Can You? • Relate the extinction of species to a mismatch of adaptation and the environment. Parts of a cell • What are organelles? • What are some parts of a cell? • What are some parts of a plant cell? What is a ________? • nucleus • mitochondria • vacuoles • cytoplasm • cell membrane 2 UNIQUE FOR PLANTS –chloroplasts –cell wall Ecosystem • What are they? –An area where life (plants, animals, fungi, bacteria, protists, archea.), landscape, and climate all interact. Ecosystems • How can organisms interact? (food web) • What is symbiosis? – Mutalism- both benifit – Commensalism- one benefit, other no affect – Antaganistic- one benefit, other harmed – – – Amensalism-one harmed, other no affect Neutralism- neither benefits Synnecrosis- both are harmed How do ecosystems change? • What is succession?\ –The forming of new ecosystems or changing them • Primary- as land emerges • Secondary- disturbance Fill in the _______ • Group teaching will start. Form 6 new, equally-sized groups; you have 1 minute. Groups • 3. Compare and contrast plant and animal cells, including major organelles (cell membrane, cell wall, nucleus, cytoplasm, chloroplasts, mitochondria, vacuoles). • 4. Recognize that within cells, many of the basic functions of organisms (e.g., extracting energy from food and getting rid of waste) are carried out. The way in which cells function is similar in all living organisms. • 6. Identify the general functions of the major systems of the human body (digestion, respiration, reproduction, circulation, excretion, protection from disease, and movement, control, and coordination) and describe ways that these systems interact with each other. • 11. Recognize that evidence drawn from geology, fossils, and comparative anatomy provides the basis of the theory of evolution. 13-16 Are together: • 13. Give examples of ways in which organisms interact and have different functions within an ecosystem that enable the ecosystem to survive. • 14. Explain the roles and relationships among producers, consumers, and decomposers in the process of energy transfer in a food web. • 15. Explain how dead plants and animals are broken down by other living organisms and how this process contributes to the system as a whole. • 16. Recognize that producers (plants that contain chlorophyll) use the energy from sunlight to make sugars from carbon dioxide and water through a process called photosynthesis. This food can be used immediately, stored for later use, or used by other organisms. • 17. Identify ways in which ecosystems have changed throughout geologic time in response to physical conditions, interactions among organisms, and the actions of humans. Describe how changes may be catastrophes such as volcanic eruptions or ice storms.