* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download Intro to Urban Climate - Cal State LA
German Climate Action Plan 2050 wikipedia , lookup
Urban heat island wikipedia , lookup
Climatic Research Unit email controversy wikipedia , lookup
Soon and Baliunas controversy wikipedia , lookup
ExxonMobil climate change controversy wikipedia , lookup
Mitigation of global warming in Australia wikipedia , lookup
Michael E. Mann wikipedia , lookup
Heaven and Earth (book) wikipedia , lookup
Climate resilience wikipedia , lookup
Climate change denial wikipedia , lookup
Global warming controversy wikipedia , lookup
Economics of global warming wikipedia , lookup
Climate change adaptation wikipedia , lookup
Climate engineering wikipedia , lookup
Climatic Research Unit documents wikipedia , lookup
Citizens' Climate Lobby wikipedia , lookup
Climate governance wikipedia , lookup
Climate change in Tuvalu wikipedia , lookup
Climate sensitivity wikipedia , lookup
Fred Singer wikipedia , lookup
Carbon Pollution Reduction Scheme wikipedia , lookup
Politics of global warming wikipedia , lookup
Effects of global warming wikipedia , lookup
Climate change and agriculture wikipedia , lookup
Effects of global warming on human health wikipedia , lookup
Global warming wikipedia , lookup
Global warming hiatus wikipedia , lookup
Media coverage of global warming wikipedia , lookup
General circulation model wikipedia , lookup
Climate change feedback wikipedia , lookup
Solar radiation management wikipedia , lookup
Climate change in the United States wikipedia , lookup
Scientific opinion on climate change wikipedia , lookup
Attribution of recent climate change wikipedia , lookup
Climate change and poverty wikipedia , lookup
Effects of global warming on humans wikipedia , lookup
Global Energy and Water Cycle Experiment wikipedia , lookup
Public opinion on global warming wikipedia , lookup
Surveys of scientists' views on climate change wikipedia , lookup
IPCC Fourth Assessment Report wikipedia , lookup
GEOGRAPHY 310: URBAN CLIMATOLOGY THE EARTH SYSTEM ATMOSPHERE HYDROSPHERE CRYOSPHERE GEOSPHERE BIOSPHERE THE CLIMATE SYSTEM CLIMATE VERSUS WEATHER Choose which one hurts less. • Weather: The condition of the atmosphere at any given time and place. • Climate: A description of average weather conditions. Often, it is defined by statistical weather information such as average temperature or average total precipitation. CLIMATE NORMAL How Big Is Climate? Temporal Aspects of Climate: Climate Variability Climate Change Los Angeles Civic Center (USC Campus) Average Annual Temperature (1878-2007) TEMP 70 Yr Avg-10 10-Yr Avg Degrees F 68 '83 Linear(TEMP Trend )Linear '31 66 64 '97 '59 '05 '85 62 '75 '44 60 58 2006 2002 1998 1994 1990 1986 1982 1978 1974 1970 1966 1962 1958 Data: NOAA NWS (Los Angeles/Oxnard) LA's HEATING UP!! 1954 Year 1950 1946 1942 1938 1934 1930 1926 1922 1918 1914 1910 1906 1902 1898 1894 1890 1886 1882 1878 '94 LA Civic Center (USC Campus) Annual Mean Temperature (1878-2007) 70 '83 TEMP Degrees F 68 '97 '59 Year Avg 01 '07 '31 66 '85 64 62 '44 60 '75 LA's HEATING UP!! '94 18 78 18 83 18 88 18 93 18 98 19 03 19 08 19 13 19 18 19 23 19 28 19 33 19 38 19 43 19 48 19 53 19 58 19 63 19 68 19 73 19 78 19 83 19 88 19 93 19 98 20 03 58 Data: NOAA NWS (Los Angeles/Oxnard) Year Bill Patzert/JPL California Temperature Changes (°F) 1950 - 2000 331 Met. Stations CA Warming Due To: • Land Use • Greenhouse Gas Warming California’s Extreme Makeover “How inappropriate to call this planet Earth when it is quite clearly Ocean.” – Arthur C. Clarke WHAT CAUSES CLIMATE CHANGE? OK! I believe mankind causes global Warming! Very well. Give the heretic back his research funding. Tide Gauge Observations 150 3.2 mm/year 100 2.0 mm/year MSL (mm) 50 ~ 8 inches (20 cm) 0.8 mm/year 0 = 16,000 cubic miles!!! -50 Average Rate ~ 1.8 mm/year (67,000 cubic km) -100 1880 1900 1920 1940 Year 1960 1980 2000 [Church and White, 2006] Sea Level Rise Malibu’s “sandbagged” Broad Beach. The once-wide sand strip, swept away by waves and rising seas. To overturn the world economy based on the musings of a few idiot leftist scientists is just stupid, that’s what Global Warming is all about. -Rush Limbaugh- Typical Surface Weather Map Climate change • Climate is defined as the statistical properties of the atmospheric variables like temperature, precipitation, and wind. • So, climate change can be defined as any change in some statistical property like mean temperature. History of World Population Growth 10000 B.C. to 2150 A.D. 12 Population in Billions Population Billions 10 8 6 Apollo 4 WW II 2 Development of Agriculture 0 -10000 -8000 -6000 Gettysburg -4000 Year -2000 0 2000 Human Transformation of the Land Surface The current land surface little resembles what existed 100,000 years or even 3,000 years ago • Fire for ecosystem management • Grazing • Deforestation metal smelting • Agriculture • Urbanization Global Land Cover Urbanization Urbanization Present 43% of Land Area Dominated by Agriculture % of Land Area Built-up 3 - 6% World Population 6.5 Billion •Current U.S. Urban Growth Rate is ~12.5% •Nearly 50% of the World’s Land Surface has been transformed by human action •80% of U.S. Population Lives in Urban areas •60%-80% of World’s Population in urban areas by 2025 Urban Areas and the Climate System Can you find the Cities? Why do cities appear this way in this thermal satellite image? Earth’s “Bio-Engine” Net Primary Production (NPP) NPP is the amount plant material produced on Earth. It is the primary fuel for Earth’s food web. Represents all available food and fiber. NPP can be measured in terms of Carbon (photosynthesis - CO2 exchange between atmosphere and biosphere (global climate change). Land use strongly impacts NPP Humans require almost 20% of Earth’s NPP capacity on land NPP is the “Common Currency” for Climate Change, Ecological, & Economic Assessment. Consequences of Urbanization on NPP-Carbon in the U.S. Urbanization and NPP - NPP decreased 41.5 M tons C / year. - Roughly equivalent to the increase created by 300 years of agricultural development. How can this happen when urban areas occupy only 3% of the land surface and agriculture occupies 29%? Location, Location, Location. Urbanization is taking place on the most fertile lands NPP Lost or Gained (annual) Due to Urbanization Going from a pre-urban to a post urban world Total Reduction 41.5 Mt C From Ag Lands 25.5 Mt C Reduction of NPP may have biological significance: -Annual loss of food web energy 400 Trillion kilocalories (roughly equal to food energy requirement for 448 million people). - Reduction of actual food products equivalent to needs of 16.5 million persons annually (about 6% of US population). M. Imhoff/NASA 04_T01.JPG 04_T02.JPG