Permafrost thermal state in the polar Northern Hemisphere during
... 18C warmer during the IPY. The difference between air temperatures during the IPY and those of the previous 10 years therefore exhibits regional variability. Some regional characterizations of longer-term climatic trends have been undertaken based on the analysis of longterm air temperature records ...
... 18C warmer during the IPY. The difference between air temperatures during the IPY and those of the previous 10 years therefore exhibits regional variability. Some regional characterizations of longer-term climatic trends have been undertaken based on the analysis of longterm air temperature records ...
Urban adaptation to climate change in Europe 2016
... adaptation offers long-term solutions that address the systemic character of climate change and enable cities to embrace change. Transformative adaptation, in our understanding (Table 3.1), follows a broader and systemic approach. It addresses the root causes. Vulnerability to climate change is ofte ...
... adaptation offers long-term solutions that address the systemic character of climate change and enable cities to embrace change. Transformative adaptation, in our understanding (Table 3.1), follows a broader and systemic approach. It addresses the root causes. Vulnerability to climate change is ofte ...
Comparing Conceptualizations of Urban Climate Resilience in
... The survey of local practitioners was conducted as part of a larger project funded by The Kresge Foundation to assess the range of climate adaptation resources and services available to support local climate adaptation (for more information see Nordgren et al. [19]). The online survey was developed ...
... The survey of local practitioners was conducted as part of a larger project funded by The Kresge Foundation to assess the range of climate adaptation resources and services available to support local climate adaptation (for more information see Nordgren et al. [19]). The online survey was developed ...
Climatology of Freeze-Thaw Days in the Conterminous United
... during a calendar day.” Which means the daily low temperature has to be at least 31º F and the daily high temperature had to be at least 33º F. Therefore freeze thaw days can be measured by how many days in a year a freeze thaw cycle occurred. What is not included in this definition of freeze thaw d ...
... during a calendar day.” Which means the daily low temperature has to be at least 31º F and the daily high temperature had to be at least 33º F. Therefore freeze thaw days can be measured by how many days in a year a freeze thaw cycle occurred. What is not included in this definition of freeze thaw d ...
Differential response to climate change among
... Differential response to climate change among populations for woody plant species: An ecological and physiological approach ...
... Differential response to climate change among populations for woody plant species: An ecological and physiological approach ...
Importance of carbon dioxide physiological forcing to future climate
... change averaged over the last 70 yr of 100-year simulations involving an atmospheric CO2 concentration of 800 ppm relative to a model control simulation forced with an atmospheric CO2 concentration of 400 ppm. The model has reached quasiequilibrium for the last 70-year simulations: The drift in surf ...
... change averaged over the last 70 yr of 100-year simulations involving an atmospheric CO2 concentration of 800 ppm relative to a model control simulation forced with an atmospheric CO2 concentration of 400 ppm. The model has reached quasiequilibrium for the last 70-year simulations: The drift in surf ...
Seasonality of climate-human mortality relationships in US cities and
... general, winter-mortality rates are significantly higher than summer rates. The observed winterdominant warming pattern, which has been linked to increasing greenhouse-gas concentrations, has led some researchers to propose future mortality decreases, while others contend that increasing heat-relate ...
... general, winter-mortality rates are significantly higher than summer rates. The observed winterdominant warming pattern, which has been linked to increasing greenhouse-gas concentrations, has led some researchers to propose future mortality decreases, while others contend that increasing heat-relate ...
8 — Urban Areas - Climate Change 2014 Synthesis Report
... Urban climate change risks, vulnerabilities, and impacts are increasing across the world in urban centers of all sizes, economic conditions, and site characteristics. {8.2} Urban climate change-related risks are increasing (including rising sea levels and storm surges, heat stress, extreme precipita ...
... Urban climate change risks, vulnerabilities, and impacts are increasing across the world in urban centers of all sizes, economic conditions, and site characteristics. {8.2} Urban climate change-related risks are increasing (including rising sea levels and storm surges, heat stress, extreme precipita ...
Take a look at the complete Ghent Climate Adaptation
... effects of climate change. This is called climate adaptation, and ensures that in the future our city will remain a nice and liveable place to live and work. Heat waves, prolonged bouts of winter precipitation, extreme summer storms, or simply extended drought periods entail risks. Climate change hi ...
... effects of climate change. This is called climate adaptation, and ensures that in the future our city will remain a nice and liveable place to live and work. Heat waves, prolonged bouts of winter precipitation, extreme summer storms, or simply extended drought periods entail risks. Climate change hi ...
Climate Change and Switzerland 2050
... increase in heat waves in Switzerland, in combination with an elevated ozone concentration, represents the most important health consequence of global warming. It is possible, though, to counter the increase in mortality caused by heat with adequate measures. Heat waves also impair the efficiency of ...
... increase in heat waves in Switzerland, in combination with an elevated ozone concentration, represents the most important health consequence of global warming. It is possible, though, to counter the increase in mortality caused by heat with adequate measures. Heat waves also impair the efficiency of ...
Climate Change and Urban Greenspace. PhD thesis, The University
... Table 1.1. General alterations in climate created by cities ……………………………... 29 Chapter 2. Climate Change Table 2.1. A brief description of the IPCC storylines used for calculating future greenhouse gas and other pollutant emissions for the UKCIP02 climate change scenarios, also showing linkages to th ...
... Table 1.1. General alterations in climate created by cities ……………………………... 29 Chapter 2. Climate Change Table 2.1. A brief description of the IPCC storylines used for calculating future greenhouse gas and other pollutant emissions for the UKCIP02 climate change scenarios, also showing linkages to th ...
PDF - iied iied - International Institute for Environment
... 2.1 Case study area: city of Quy Nhon Situated beside the Thi Nai lagoon, Quy Nhon City has undergone dramatic changes in its land-use patterns due to very rapid urbanisation and industrialisation. The physical growth of the city was caused by the development of residential and industrial activity a ...
... 2.1 Case study area: city of Quy Nhon Situated beside the Thi Nai lagoon, Quy Nhon City has undergone dramatic changes in its land-use patterns due to very rapid urbanisation and industrialisation. The physical growth of the city was caused by the development of residential and industrial activity a ...
City of Mississauga Urban Forest Study Technical Report
... Residential Energy Savings: Trees reduce local air temperature due to shading effects, wind speed reductions, and the release of water vapor through evapotranspiration. In Mississauga the urban forest reduces the annual energy consumption by approximately 79,000 MBTUS and 7,300 MWH, with an associat ...
... Residential Energy Savings: Trees reduce local air temperature due to shading effects, wind speed reductions, and the release of water vapor through evapotranspiration. In Mississauga the urban forest reduces the annual energy consumption by approximately 79,000 MBTUS and 7,300 MWH, with an associat ...
FREE Sample Here - We can offer most test bank and
... 33) Which of the following is not true of dry climates? A) Dry climates are generally located in bands immediately to the north and south of the low-latitude humid climates. B) Many dry regions are associated with the subtropical high pressure zone. C) Some deserts are caused mainly by mountain rang ...
... 33) Which of the following is not true of dry climates? A) Dry climates are generally located in bands immediately to the north and south of the low-latitude humid climates. B) Many dry regions are associated with the subtropical high pressure zone. C) Some deserts are caused mainly by mountain rang ...
Summer climate and heatwaves in Europe
... Impact studies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...
... Impact studies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...
Adapting to Climate Change in Urban Areas - iied iied
... Storms, sea-level rise and coastal urban populations ........................................................................ 22 Constraints on water supplies and other key natural resources ......................................................... 25 Higher temperatures and heatwaves .............. ...
... Storms, sea-level rise and coastal urban populations ........................................................................ 22 Constraints on water supplies and other key natural resources ......................................................... 25 Higher temperatures and heatwaves .............. ...
The influence of mosquito resting behaviour and associated
... presented in Table 1 the effects of mean temperature and DTR inside and outside human dwellings on EIP was assessed using two different malaria development models: the widely used day-degree Detinova model [53], and the non-linear thermodynamic model proposed by Paaijmans and colleagues [12]. Using ...
... presented in Table 1 the effects of mean temperature and DTR inside and outside human dwellings on EIP was assessed using two different malaria development models: the widely used day-degree Detinova model [53], and the non-linear thermodynamic model proposed by Paaijmans and colleagues [12]. Using ...
Variation in Yield Responses to Elevated CO2 and a Brief
... 320 µmol·mol−1 in 1965 to about 400 µmol·mol−1 currently, and continues to increase rapidly. Research has shown that concentrations above the current ambient concentration generally increase the growth and yield of C3 crop species, and could stimulate future crop yields, unless other changes in clim ...
... 320 µmol·mol−1 in 1965 to about 400 µmol·mol−1 currently, and continues to increase rapidly. Research has shown that concentrations above the current ambient concentration generally increase the growth and yield of C3 crop species, and could stimulate future crop yields, unless other changes in clim ...
Climate change adaptation and mitigation through
... crescent’ of the Tigris and Euphrates (Mougeot 1993). In fact, prior to the Industrial Revolution, nearly all agriculture was urban: since there were no means to transport perishable goods over long distances, production was necessarily confined to the fringes of cities. During the 19th and 20th cen ...
... crescent’ of the Tigris and Euphrates (Mougeot 1993). In fact, prior to the Industrial Revolution, nearly all agriculture was urban: since there were no means to transport perishable goods over long distances, production was necessarily confined to the fringes of cities. During the 19th and 20th cen ...
Climate change adaptation and mitigation through urban agriculture
... crescent’ of the Tigris and Euphrates (Mougeot 1993). In fact, prior to the Industrial Revolution, nearly all agriculture was urban: since there were no means to transport perishable goods over long distances, production was necessarily confined to the fringes of cities. During the 19th and 20th cen ...
... crescent’ of the Tigris and Euphrates (Mougeot 1993). In fact, prior to the Industrial Revolution, nearly all agriculture was urban: since there were no means to transport perishable goods over long distances, production was necessarily confined to the fringes of cities. During the 19th and 20th cen ...
Climate Change, Humidity, and Mortality in the United States
... consumption estimates can also be interpreted as causal since the identifying variation comes from plausibly exogenous within-state variation in temperature and humidity levels. It is important to highlight the limitations of my research design in the context of measuring the impacts of climate cha ...
... consumption estimates can also be interpreted as causal since the identifying variation comes from plausibly exogenous within-state variation in temperature and humidity levels. It is important to highlight the limitations of my research design in the context of measuring the impacts of climate cha ...
Climate Change, Humidity, and Mortality in the United States
... consumption estimates can also be interpreted as causal since the identifying variation comes from plausibly exogenous within-state variation in temperature and humidity levels. It is important to highlight the limitations of my research design in the context of measuring the impacts of climate cha ...
... consumption estimates can also be interpreted as causal since the identifying variation comes from plausibly exogenous within-state variation in temperature and humidity levels. It is important to highlight the limitations of my research design in the context of measuring the impacts of climate cha ...
About observed and future climate changes in Flanders and Belgium
... than in 1951. The temperature of seawater has also increased. The wave height and the wind speed at the coast, by contrast, show no clear trends. ...
... than in 1951. The temperature of seawater has also increased. The wave height and the wind speed at the coast, by contrast, show no clear trends. ...
The Economic Effects of Long-Term Climate
... agricultural incomes. Based on extrapolation the authors estimate an increase in the Indian annual mortality rate of approximately 12% to 46% by the end of the century. These results are interpreted as an upper bound estimate as the authors “[...] fully expect rural Indians to adapt to an anticipate ...
... agricultural incomes. Based on extrapolation the authors estimate an increase in the Indian annual mortality rate of approximately 12% to 46% by the end of the century. These results are interpreted as an upper bound estimate as the authors “[...] fully expect rural Indians to adapt to an anticipate ...
The Economic Effects of Long-Term Climate Change
... best of my knowledge, it is the …rst paper to provide econometric evidence on the economic e¤ects of long-term climate change. In particular, I study the economic e¤ects of temperature changes during the Little Ice Age1 on Europe over a period of 250 years, from 1500 to 1750. The Little Ice Age is t ...
... best of my knowledge, it is the …rst paper to provide econometric evidence on the economic e¤ects of long-term climate change. In particular, I study the economic e¤ects of temperature changes during the Little Ice Age1 on Europe over a period of 250 years, from 1500 to 1750. The Little Ice Age is t ...
Urban heat island
An urban heat island (UHI) is a city or metropolitan area that is significantly warmer than its surrounding rural areas due to human activities. The phenomenon was first investigated and described by Luke Howard in the 1810s, although he was not the one to name the phenomenon. The temperature difference usually is larger at night than during the day, and is most apparent when winds are weak. UHI is most noticeable during the summer and winter. The main cause of the urban heat island effect is from the modification of land surfaces. Waste heat generated by energy usage is a secondary contributor. As a population center grows, it tends to expand its area and increase its average temperature. The less-used term heat island refers to any area, populated or not, which is consistently hotter than the surrounding area.Monthly rainfall is greater downwind of cities, partially due to the UHI. Increases in heat within urban centers increases the length of growing seasons, and decreases the occurrence of weak tornadoes. The UHI decreases air quality by increasing the production of pollutants such as ozone, and decreases water quality as warmer waters flow into area streams and put stress on their ecosystems.Not all cities have a distinct urban heat island. Mitigation of the urban heat island effect can be accomplished through the use of green roofs and the use of lighter-colored surfaces in urban areas, which reflect more sunlight and absorb less heat.There are concerns raised about possible contribution from urban heat islands to global warming. Research on China and India indicates that urban heat island effect contributes to climate warming by about 30%. On the other hand, one 1999 comparison between urban and rural areas proposed that the urban heat island effects have little influence on global mean temperature trends. Many studies reveal increases in the severity of the effect with the progress of climate change.