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IPCC WG3 Sustainable Development and Climate Change Mitigation Jayant A. Sathaye Co-CLA Chapter 12: Sustainable Development and Mitigation Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Berkeley, CA, USA IPCC Two-way Relationship Between Climate Change and Sustainable Development A. Climate policy can have positive or negative effects on other factors -- Ancillary benefits or co-benefits B. Non-climate policies can influence GHG emissions as much as specific climate policies -- Requires mainstreaming climate change in decision-making IPCC A Climate change and other issues 3 dimensions of sustainable development: economic/social/environmental Economic costs & benefits, energy security Health, employment IPCC Examples of side-effects of climate mitigation OPTIONS A SYNERGIES TRADEOFFS Energy: efficiency, renewables, fuelswitching • air quality • supply security • employment • costs (efficiency) • particulate emissions (diesel) • biodiversity (biofuels) • costs (renewables) Forestry: reduce deforestation, plant trees • soil protection • water management • employment • biodiversity (deforest.) • biodiversity (plantations) • competition food production waste: landfill gas capture, incineration • health & safety • ground water • employment • energy advantages pollution • costs IPCC Two-way Relationship Between Climate Change and Sustainable Development A. Climate policy can have positive or negative effects on other factors -- Ancillary benefits or co-benefits B. Non-climate policies can influence GHG emissions as much as specific climate policies -- Requires mainstreaming climate change in decision-making IPCC B Development path as important as specific climate mitigation policies Development path with HIGH base emissions Development path with LOW emissions IPCC B Mainstreaming climate mitigation in development decisions with climate consequences is essential Examples: • • • • • • • Economic policy (incl. fiscal, trade) Power sector deregulation Energy/oil import security Forestry Bank lending Insurance industry Rural energy IPCC B Non-climate policies can influence GHG emissions as much as specific climate policies Sectors Non-climate policies -- Candidates for integrating climate concerns Possible influence (% of global emissions) Macroeconomy Taxes, subsidies, other fiscal policies All GHG emissions (100 %) Forestry Forest protection, sustainable management GHGs deforestation (7%) Electricity Renewable energy, demand management, decreasing losses transport,/distribution Electricity sector emissions (20 %) Oil-imports Diversification energy sources/decrease intensity -> enhance energy security GHGs from oil product imports (20 %) Insurance buildings, infrastructure Differentiated premiums, liability conditions, improved conditions green products GHG emissions buildings, transport (20 %) Bank lending Strategy/policy, lending projects accounting for options emission limitations Notably development projects (25%) Rural energy Policies promoting LPG, kerosene and electricity for cooking Extra emissions over biomass (<2 %) IPCC B “Climate first” International negotiations State 3 Ways to Broaden Climate Policies (Mitigation and Adaptation) from climate to development policy from global agreement to local action from government to governance “Development first” Local and sector actions All actors (state, market, civil society) IPCC Conclusions • Mainstreaming climate mitigation in development decisions with climate consequences is essential for a low-emissions path to emerge • Entities – state, markets, and civil society – at all levels need to participate in the mainstreaming process – – – – National, state, and local governments, Oranized and unorganized industry, Non-governmental organizations, and General public IPCC Thank you for your attention! IPCC