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The IPCC Special Report on
Carbon dioxide Capture and Storage
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INTERGOVERNMENTAL PANEL ON CLIMATE CHANGE (IPCC)
Key issues addressed in this
presentation
• What is CO2 capture and storage?
• How could CCS play a role in mitigating climate
change?
• Maturity of the technology
• Sources of CO2 and potential reservoirs
• Cost and potential
• Health safety and environment risks
• Legal and regulatory issues
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CO2 capture and storage system
Fuels
Processes
Storage options
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How could CCS play a role in mitigating
climate change?
• Part of a portfolio of mitigation options
• Reduce overall mitigation costs by incresing
flexibility in achieving greenhouse gas emission
reductions
• Application in developing countries important
• Energy requirements point of attention
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Energy requirements
• Additional energy
use of 10 - 40% (for
same output)
• Capture efficiency:
85 - 95%
• Net CO2 reduction:
80 - 90%
• Assuming safe
storage
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Maturity of CCS technology
Post-combustion
Oxyfuel
combustion
Mineral
carbonation
Ocean storage
Research
phase
Pre-combustion
Industrial
separation
Transport
Enhanced
Coal Bed
Methane
Demonstration
phase
Gas and oil
fields
Industrial
utilization
Saline
formations
Enhanced Oil
Recovery
Economically
feasible under
specific conditions
Mature
market
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Qualifying CO2 sources
•
Large stationary point sources
•
High CO2 concentration in the waste, flue gas or
by-product stream (purity)
•
Pressure of CO2 stream
•
Distance from suitable storage sites
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Global large stationary CO2 sources with
emissions of more than 0.1 MtCO2/year
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Planned and current locations of
geological storage
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Current locations of geological storage
Project
name
Country
Injection
start
Daily injection
(tCO2/day)
Total planned Reservoir
storage (tCO2) type
Weyburn Canada
2000
3,000 - 5,000
20,000,000
EOR
In Salah
Algeria
2004
3,000 - 4,000
17,000,000
Gas field
Sleipner
Norway
1996
3,000
20,000,000
Saline
formation
K12B
Netherlands
2004
100
8,000,000
EGR
Frio
United States 2004
177
1,600
Saline
formation
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Geological storage
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Ocean storage
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Mineral carbonation
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Geographical relationship between
sources and storage opportunities
Global distribution of large stationary sources of CO2 (Based on a compilation of publicly available information on global emission sources, IEA
GHG 2002)
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Geographical relationship between
sources and storage opportunities
Storage prospectivity
Highly prospective sedimentary
basins
Prospective sedimentary basins
Non-prospective sedimentary
basins, metamorphic and
igneous rock
Data quality and availability vary
among regions
Prospective areas in sedimentary basins where suitable saline formations, oil or gas fields, or coal beds may be found. Locations for storage in
coal beds are only partly included. Prospectivity is a qualitative assessment of the likelihood that a suitable storage location is present in a given
area based on the available information. This figure should be taken as a guide only, because it is based on partial data, the quality of which may
vary from region to region, and which may change over time and with new information (Courtesy of Geoscience Australia).
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Costs
Two ways of expressing costs: Different outcomes:
• Additional electricity costs
– Energy policymaking
community
• CO2 avoidance costs
– Climate policymaking
community
0.01 - 0.05 US$/kWh
20* - 270 US$/tCO2 avoided
(with EOR: 0*– 240 US$/tCO2
avoided)
* low-end: capture-ready, low
transport cost, revenues from
storage: 360 MtCO2/yr
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CCS component costs
CCS component
Cost range
Capture from a power plant
15 - 75 US$/tCO2 net captured
Capture from gas processing or
ammonia production
5 - 55 US$/tCO2 net captured
Capture from other industrial
sources
25 - 115 US$/tCO2 net captured
Transportation
1 - 8 US$/tCO2 transported per 250km
Geological storage
0.5 - 8 US$/tCO2 injected
Ocean storage
5 - 30 US$/tCO2 injected
Mineral carbonation
50 - 100 US$/tCO2 net mineralized
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Economic potential
Emissions (MtCO 2 per year)
90,000
Conservation
90,000
and Energy
MiniCAM
MESSAGE
80,000
Efficiency
80,000
70,000
70,000
60,000
60,000
50,000
Nuclear
50,000
40,000
40,000
30,000
Coal to Gas
30,000
Conservation and
Energy Efficiency
Renewable
Energy
Nuclear
Coal to Gas
Substitution
Substitution
Emissions to the atmosphere
20,000
Renewable Energy
20,000
10,000
Emissions to the atmosphere
CCS
10,000
CCS
-
2005
2020 2035
2050
2065 2080
2095
2005
Allowable
Emissions for
WRE 550
2020
2035
2050
2065
2080
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2095
Economic potential
• Cost reduction of climate change stabilisation: 30% or more
• Most scenario studies: role of CCS increases over the course
of the century
• Substantial application above CO2 price of 25-30 US$/tCO2
• 15 to 55% of the cumulative mitigation effort worldwide until
2100
• 220 - 2,200 GtCO2 cumulatively up to 2100, depending on
the baseline scenario, stabilisation level (450 - 750 ppmv),
cost assumptions
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Health, safety, environment risks
• In general: lack of real data, so comparison with current
operations
• CO2 pipelines: similar to or lower than those posed by
hydrocarbon pipelines
• Geological storage:
– appropriate site selection, a monitoring program to detect
problems, a regulatory system, remediation methods to stop
or control CO2 releases if they arise:
– comparable to risks of current activities (natural gas storage,
EOR, disposal of acid gas)
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Health, safety, environment risks: potential leakage
from geological reservoirs and remediation
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Health, safety, environment risks
• Ocean storage:
– pH change
– Mortality of ocean organisms
– Ecosystem consequences
– Chronic effects unknown
• Mineral carbonation:
– Mining and disposal of resulting products
– Some of it may be re-used
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Ocean Storage
100%
Impacts
80%
20,000 ppm
– pH change
– Mortality of ocean organisms
– Ecosystem consequences
– Chronic effects unknown
60%
5000 ppm
Change population
40%
20%
0%
-20%
-40%
Change of bacteria, nanobenthos and
meiobenthos abundace after exposure to 20,000
and 5,000 ppm for 77-375 hrs during
experiments carried out at 2000 m depth in NW
Pacific
-60%
-80%
-100%
Bacteria
<10 mm 10-30 mm
Nanobenthos
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Meibenthos
Will leakage compromise CCS as a climate
change mitigation option?
• Fraction retained in appropriately selected and
managed geological reservoirs is
– very likely to exceed 99% over 100 years, and
– is likely to exceed 99% over 1,000 years.
"Likely" is a probability between 66 and 90%, "very likely" of 90 to 99%
• Release of CO2 from ocean storage would be gradual
over hundreds of years
• Sufficient?
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What are the legal and regulatory issues
for implementing CO2 storage?
•
Onshore: national regulation
–
•
Few legal or regulatory frameworks for long-term
CO2 storage liabilities
Offshore: international treaties
–
–
–
OSPAR (regional), London Convention
Ocean storage and sub-seabed geological storage
Unclear whether or under what conditions CO2
injection is compatible with international law
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Thank you
Report published by
Cambridge University Press
Order at www.cambridge.org
Documents available on
www.ipcc.ch
More information:
[email protected]
INTERGOVERNMENTAL PANEL ON CLIMATE CHANGE (IPCC)