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The IPCC Special Report on Carbon dioxide Capture and Storage Your name Your institute Date, place INTERGOVERNMENTAL PANEL ON CLIMATE CHANGE (IPCC) Key issues addressed in this presentation • What is CO2 capture and storage? • How could CCS play a role in mitigating climate change? • Maturity of the technology • Sources of CO2 and potential reservoirs • Cost and potential • Health safety and environment risks • Legal and regulatory issues INTERGOVERNMENTAL PANEL ON CLIMATE CHANGE (IPCC) CO2 capture and storage system Fuels Processes Storage options INTERGOVERNMENTAL PANEL ON CLIMATE CHANGE (IPCC) How could CCS play a role in mitigating climate change? • Part of a portfolio of mitigation options • Reduce overall mitigation costs by incresing flexibility in achieving greenhouse gas emission reductions • Application in developing countries important • Energy requirements point of attention INTERGOVERNMENTAL PANEL ON CLIMATE CHANGE (IPCC) Energy requirements • Additional energy use of 10 - 40% (for same output) • Capture efficiency: 85 - 95% • Net CO2 reduction: 80 - 90% • Assuming safe storage INTERGOVERNMENTAL PANEL ON CLIMATE CHANGE (IPCC) Maturity of CCS technology Post-combustion Oxyfuel combustion Mineral carbonation Ocean storage Research phase Pre-combustion Industrial separation Transport Enhanced Coal Bed Methane Demonstration phase Gas and oil fields Industrial utilization Saline formations Enhanced Oil Recovery Economically feasible under specific conditions Mature market INTERGOVERNMENTAL PANEL ON CLIMATE CHANGE (IPCC) Qualifying CO2 sources • Large stationary point sources • High CO2 concentration in the waste, flue gas or by-product stream (purity) • Pressure of CO2 stream • Distance from suitable storage sites INTERGOVERNMENTAL PANEL ON CLIMATE CHANGE (IPCC) Global large stationary CO2 sources with emissions of more than 0.1 MtCO2/year INTERGOVERNMENTAL PANEL ON CLIMATE CHANGE (IPCC) Planned and current locations of geological storage INTERGOVERNMENTAL PANEL ON CLIMATE CHANGE (IPCC) Current locations of geological storage Project name Country Injection start Daily injection (tCO2/day) Total planned Reservoir storage (tCO2) type Weyburn Canada 2000 3,000 - 5,000 20,000,000 EOR In Salah Algeria 2004 3,000 - 4,000 17,000,000 Gas field Sleipner Norway 1996 3,000 20,000,000 Saline formation K12B Netherlands 2004 100 8,000,000 EGR Frio United States 2004 177 1,600 Saline formation INTERGOVERNMENTAL PANEL ON CLIMATE CHANGE (IPCC) Geological storage INTERGOVERNMENTAL PANEL ON CLIMATE CHANGE (IPCC) Ocean storage INTERGOVERNMENTAL PANEL ON CLIMATE CHANGE (IPCC) Mineral carbonation INTERGOVERNMENTAL PANEL ON CLIMATE CHANGE (IPCC) Geographical relationship between sources and storage opportunities Global distribution of large stationary sources of CO2 (Based on a compilation of publicly available information on global emission sources, IEA GHG 2002) INTERGOVERNMENTAL PANEL ON CLIMATE CHANGE (IPCC) Geographical relationship between sources and storage opportunities Storage prospectivity Highly prospective sedimentary basins Prospective sedimentary basins Non-prospective sedimentary basins, metamorphic and igneous rock Data quality and availability vary among regions Prospective areas in sedimentary basins where suitable saline formations, oil or gas fields, or coal beds may be found. Locations for storage in coal beds are only partly included. Prospectivity is a qualitative assessment of the likelihood that a suitable storage location is present in a given area based on the available information. This figure should be taken as a guide only, because it is based on partial data, the quality of which may vary from region to region, and which may change over time and with new information (Courtesy of Geoscience Australia). INTERGOVERNMENTAL PANEL ON CLIMATE CHANGE (IPCC) Costs Two ways of expressing costs: Different outcomes: • Additional electricity costs – Energy policymaking community • CO2 avoidance costs – Climate policymaking community 0.01 - 0.05 US$/kWh 20* - 270 US$/tCO2 avoided (with EOR: 0*– 240 US$/tCO2 avoided) * low-end: capture-ready, low transport cost, revenues from storage: 360 MtCO2/yr INTERGOVERNMENTAL PANEL ON CLIMATE CHANGE (IPCC) CCS component costs CCS component Cost range Capture from a power plant 15 - 75 US$/tCO2 net captured Capture from gas processing or ammonia production 5 - 55 US$/tCO2 net captured Capture from other industrial sources 25 - 115 US$/tCO2 net captured Transportation 1 - 8 US$/tCO2 transported per 250km Geological storage 0.5 - 8 US$/tCO2 injected Ocean storage 5 - 30 US$/tCO2 injected Mineral carbonation 50 - 100 US$/tCO2 net mineralized INTERGOVERNMENTAL PANEL ON CLIMATE CHANGE (IPCC) Economic potential Emissions (MtCO 2 per year) 90,000 Conservation 90,000 and Energy MiniCAM MESSAGE 80,000 Efficiency 80,000 70,000 70,000 60,000 60,000 50,000 Nuclear 50,000 40,000 40,000 30,000 Coal to Gas 30,000 Conservation and Energy Efficiency Renewable Energy Nuclear Coal to Gas Substitution Substitution Emissions to the atmosphere 20,000 Renewable Energy 20,000 10,000 Emissions to the atmosphere CCS 10,000 CCS - 2005 2020 2035 2050 2065 2080 2095 2005 Allowable Emissions for WRE 550 2020 2035 2050 2065 2080 INTERGOVERNMENTAL PANEL ON CLIMATE CHANGE (IPCC) 2095 Economic potential • Cost reduction of climate change stabilisation: 30% or more • Most scenario studies: role of CCS increases over the course of the century • Substantial application above CO2 price of 25-30 US$/tCO2 • 15 to 55% of the cumulative mitigation effort worldwide until 2100 • 220 - 2,200 GtCO2 cumulatively up to 2100, depending on the baseline scenario, stabilisation level (450 - 750 ppmv), cost assumptions INTERGOVERNMENTAL PANEL ON CLIMATE CHANGE (IPCC) Health, safety, environment risks • In general: lack of real data, so comparison with current operations • CO2 pipelines: similar to or lower than those posed by hydrocarbon pipelines • Geological storage: – appropriate site selection, a monitoring program to detect problems, a regulatory system, remediation methods to stop or control CO2 releases if they arise: – comparable to risks of current activities (natural gas storage, EOR, disposal of acid gas) INTERGOVERNMENTAL PANEL ON CLIMATE CHANGE (IPCC) Health, safety, environment risks: potential leakage from geological reservoirs and remediation INTERGOVERNMENTAL PANEL ON CLIMATE CHANGE (IPCC) Health, safety, environment risks • Ocean storage: – pH change – Mortality of ocean organisms – Ecosystem consequences – Chronic effects unknown • Mineral carbonation: – Mining and disposal of resulting products – Some of it may be re-used INTERGOVERNMENTAL PANEL ON CLIMATE CHANGE (IPCC) Ocean Storage 100% Impacts 80% 20,000 ppm – pH change – Mortality of ocean organisms – Ecosystem consequences – Chronic effects unknown 60% 5000 ppm Change population 40% 20% 0% -20% -40% Change of bacteria, nanobenthos and meiobenthos abundace after exposure to 20,000 and 5,000 ppm for 77-375 hrs during experiments carried out at 2000 m depth in NW Pacific -60% -80% -100% Bacteria <10 mm 10-30 mm Nanobenthos INTERGOVERNMENTAL PANEL ON CLIMATE CHANGE (IPCC) Meibenthos Will leakage compromise CCS as a climate change mitigation option? • Fraction retained in appropriately selected and managed geological reservoirs is – very likely to exceed 99% over 100 years, and – is likely to exceed 99% over 1,000 years. "Likely" is a probability between 66 and 90%, "very likely" of 90 to 99% • Release of CO2 from ocean storage would be gradual over hundreds of years • Sufficient? INTERGOVERNMENTAL PANEL ON CLIMATE CHANGE (IPCC) What are the legal and regulatory issues for implementing CO2 storage? • Onshore: national regulation – • Few legal or regulatory frameworks for long-term CO2 storage liabilities Offshore: international treaties – – – OSPAR (regional), London Convention Ocean storage and sub-seabed geological storage Unclear whether or under what conditions CO2 injection is compatible with international law INTERGOVERNMENTAL PANEL ON CLIMATE CHANGE (IPCC) Thank you Report published by Cambridge University Press Order at www.cambridge.org Documents available on www.ipcc.ch More information: [email protected] INTERGOVERNMENTAL PANEL ON CLIMATE CHANGE (IPCC)