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GHG Accounting Fundamentals September 29, 2009 Presentation Overview Background and Greenhouse Gases Framework of GHG Inventory and Reduction Plans Inventory Concepts • Emission Source Categories • Boundaries • Absolute vs. Intensity-Based Existing Protocols Greenhouse Gases Background: The Greenhouse Gas Effect Background: The Science From the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), Fourth Assessment Report: “Warming of the climate system is unequivocal, as is now evident from observations of increases in global average air and ocean temperatures, widespread melting of snow and ice and rising global average sea level” “Global atmospheric concentrations of CO2, methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) have increased markedly as a result of human activities since 1750 and now far exceed pre-industrial values determined from ice cores spanning many thousands of years.” “Most of the observed increase in global average temperatures since the mid20th century is very likely due to the observed increase in anthropogenic GHG concentrations. It is likely that there has been significant anthropogenic warming over the past 50 years averaged over each continent (except Antarctica)” Whether one agrees or disagrees with the findings of the IPCC is in some ways irrelevant. This is the issue that has captured the attention of national and local government leaders, regulators, the public, shareholders, insurance companies, and lenders and other financial institutions. Response is becoming less and less voluntary. Background: Greenhouse Gases 6 GHGs Typically Covered by Existing Regulations / Protocols: Additional GHGs / Factors Impacting Climate: Carbon Dioxide - CO2 Other “F-gases” Methane - CH4 Nitrous Oxide - N2O Sulfur Hexafluoride - SF6 Hydrofluorocarbons - HFC’s Perfluorocarbons - PFC’s • CFCs / HCFCs, typically not counted because regulated by Montreal Protocol mechanisms • NF3 included in proposed Federal cap & trade legislation • Other fluorinated gases such as HFEs included in recent EPA mandatory reporting rule Water Vapor Ground Level Ozone Carbon Black Aviation Contrails Ongoing debate regarding whether highaltitude emissions (aircraft) have greater impact than ground-level emissions Background: Global Warming Potential Global Warming Potential (GWP) Definition: “The ratio of radiative forcing (degree of warming to the atmosphere) that would result from the emission of one unit of a given GHG compared to one unit of carbon dioxide (CO2).“ 1 i.e., a measure of the climate impact of a given mass of one GHG relative to an equal mass of release of CO2, based on a defined time horizon 1 Source: The Climate Registry General Reporting Protocol, Version 1.1 Global Warming Potential Estimates Global Warming Potential Estimates GWP (100-year) SAR TAR AR4 CO2 1 1 1 CH4 21 23 25 N2O 310 296 298 SF6 23,900 22,200 22,800 HFCs 140 – 14,800 PFCs 6,500 – 12,200 Source: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Second Assessment Report (1995), Third Assessment Report (2001), and Fourth Assessment Report (2007) Setting the Framework for a GHG Reduction Program The Pathway to GHG Reduction Climate Change Drivers Converging The risks and effects of climate change have been accepted by the scientific, regulatory community and a growing number of public stakeholders Driver Private Sector Federal Sector Regulatory Risk New GHG legislation New rules and regulation New GHG legislation New rules and regulation Physical Risk Transportation Networks Intense Storm Events Energy demand and delivery Energy demand and delivery Impacts to Infrastructure Intense Storm Events Drought Financial Risk Redefining “materiality” to include Climate Change Availability of insurance and investment capital Fiduciary responsibility Rising energy prices Efficiency requirements Base infrastructure rework New Market Opportunity Growth in carbon credit trading Building a “green energy” economy Environmental Stewardship Inventory Concepts Reporting Principles Relevance Reflects GHG emissions, serves decisionmaking needs Completeness Report everything within the boundary, state exclusions clearly Consistency Support meaningful comparisons over time, document change Transparency Clear audit trail Accuracy Minimize uncertainties as far as practicable, reasonable assurance for uses Emission Sources Scope 1: Direct Emission Sources • Stationary Combustion (e.g. boilers for comfort heating, boilers for electricity generation) • Mobile Combustion (e.g., vehicles) • Process Related Emissions (e.g. N2O byproducts of ozone generation) • Fugitive Emissions (e.g., methane from WWTP surfaces, leaks of natural gas from pipelines) Scope 2 – Indirect Emission Sources • Use of electricity, steam, and/or hot/chilled water • Use of electricity intentionally double counted in context of Scope 1 emissions (ownership by another entity) Scope 3 – Optional Indirect Emission Sources • Upstream or downstream activities • Examples: raw material transport, waste removal and disposal, product transport, landscaping, employee commute • Generally considered part of GHG “footprint” rather than “inventory” Emission Scopes Emission Scopes & Life Cycle Considerations Footprint Other emissions indirectly resulting from utility operations Outsourced solids handling and transport Emissions from production of purchased LOX Inventory Stationary combustion, indirect electrical emissions, etc. from facilities owned or controlled by the utility Off-site GAC regeneration Water conveyance to utility systems A water utility’s inventory includes GHG emissions within its organizational boundary. A footprint includes lifecycle GHG emissions, and is typically far broader. Organizational Boundaries Determining the breadth of facilities and operations to include in the emission inventory Two common methods specified for organizational boundary definition • Equity share approach (all owned or partially owned facilities or emission sources included, pro-rated based on fraction owned) • Control approach (all facilities or emission sources under the control of the entity are included 100%) • Approach must be commonly applied across entire scope • consider shared, co-located and outsourced operations Addressing mergers and acquisitions • Boundaries change over time, and procedures are specified for how current and prior year inventories are adjusted based on organizational changes Also may consider geographic boundaries Organizational Boundaries Choose: Report by Ownership or Control Report by Ownership Report by Control Report by Equity Share Test Control: If Own (>50%), or control HS&E Then: Report 100% Else: Report 0% Organizational Boundaries- Leased Sources Finance/ Capital Leases- treated as an asset on the balance sheet Operational Leases- Everything else • Control is defined as the ability to pay electricity bills, control H&SE policy, etc. Choose: Report by Ownership or Control Report by Ownership Report by Control Test Control: Finance Leases If Pay utility bills Operational Boundaries GHGs Relevant to Water Utilities - Group Discussion GHG Relevant Sources CO2, N20, CH4 Stationary- Mobile- Process- IndirectHFCs PFCs SF6 De Minimis Emissions Latin origin meaning, “of little importance” or “at a level that is too small to be concerned with.” Historically, de minimis emissions were excluded from inventories. By most current protocols, all identified emission sources must be included whether de minimis or not – however sources shown to be de minimis are held to a lower standard of rigor for data quality De Minimis threshold ranges from 3 – 5% of overall emissions total, depending on the referenced protocol WaterRF study showed that most water utility sources not currently defined in existing protocols are likely de minimis Absolute VS. Intensity Based Reporting Absolute Emissions: Simply the sum of emissions from all sources (ex. tons of CO2-e) Emissions Intensity: Total emissions correlated to a production or output metric (i.e., absolute emissions / normalization metric) • Example: tons of CO2-e per million gallons of water treated • Allows benefits of projects or progress towards reduction goals to be recognized even in light of organization growth or mergers Baseline Emissions For entity-wide emission inventories, baseline or base-year emissions typically refer to the total emissions in the first year of a period over which a reduction effort is planned • Used as the baseline against which progress towards a reduction goal is assessed • Base-year emissions may be adjusted based on organizational boundary changes, in particular for mergers or divestitures For specific emission reduction projects, baseline is the projected emissions “but not for” the project • May be defined as “static” – assuming no changes but not for the project, or “dynamic” – acknowledging that other changes would have occurred • Discussed more in afternoon session Benchmarking Purpose of Benchmarking • Evaluation of emissions over time in relation to targets or industry benchmarks • Facilitation of comparisons between similar businesses, processes, or products • Improving public understanding of an entity’s emissions profile over time, even as the business activity changes, expands, or decreases Benchmarking Sum emissions depending on how benchmarking will be used • facility type (source, treatment, distribution, buildings/infrastructure, fleet, and other) • emission source type (stationary equipment vs. generators, mobile fleet vs. handling equipment, electricity usage for offices vs. electricity usage for transfer pumps, etc.) • source category (direct, indirect, and other indirect) • CO2-e Inventory Management Plan (IMP) Why develop an IMP? • • • • • • Institutionalize the process Minimize workload Prepare for audits and certification Increase credibility under reporting programs Roadmap for the inventory Achieve the Reporting Principles What does the IMP look like? Could be a single document that spells out all requirements Could be an overview document (or web-based tool) that links to: • • • • existing or new SOP’s software data base user guides job descriptions etc. IMP Outline • • • • Organizational Boundaries Operational Boundaries Quantification Methods and Factors Data Management- Type of data, process flow, Quality Assurance • Adjustment procedures • Management Tools- Training, Roles &Responsibilities • Auditing and Verification Existing Protocols Organizations Publishing Existing Protocols World Resource Institute / World Business Council on Sustainable Development (WRI/ WBCSD) EPA – Climate Leaders / National Greenhouse Gas Registry DOE 1605b The Climate Registry (TCR) California Climate Action Registry (CCAR) International Council for Local Environmental Initiatives (ICLEI) – Local Governments for Sustainability Chicago Climate Exchange (CCX) ISO 14064 United Kingdom Water Industry Research (UKWIR) – Workbook for Quantifying Greenhouse Gas Emissions WRI/ WBCSD GHG Protocol Starting point for virtually every protocol that is available today Consists of 2 separate but interrelated modules: • GHG Protocol—Corporate Accounting and Reporting Standard • GHG Protocol—Project Accounting WRI/ WBCSD GHG Protocol GHGs addressed include the 6 Kyoto Gases- CO2, CH4, N2O, HFC, PFC, and SF6 Sources of GHGs - Scope 1 (direct), Scope 2 (indirect), Scope 3 (optional indirect) emissions Materiality Threshold (uncertainty error range potentially causing material misstatement) is defined Emission factors based on IPCC and international energy data sources (except US energy is based on e-GRID) Includes guidance and calculation tools for: • Stationary Combustion, Indirect Emissions, Mobile Combustion, HFC usage, and Sector specific modules for the Cement Industry, Aluminum Production, Iron & Steel, Pulp & Paper, Ammonia Production, etc. Does not include a registry EPA Climate Leaders / National Greenhouse Gas Inventory GHGs addressed include the 6 Kyoto Gases- CO2, CH4, N2O, HFC, PFC, and SF6 Sources- Direct, Indirect, Optional Materiality or de minimis threshold is not defined – all GHG sources must be included in baseline Emission factors are based on US Sources- e-GRID, DOE/EIA Includes guidance for: • Stationary Combustion, Indirect Emissions, Mobile Combustion, HFC usage, and Sector specific modules for the Iron & Steel, MSW Landfilling, HFC manufacturing. Others are drafted- Cement Industry, Aluminum Production, Pulp & Paper. DOE 1605b The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) set up a voluntary reporting program to help organizations and individuals measure and record the actions they have taken to reduce GHGs or to increase carbon sequestration. The program is based on General Guidelines for the Voluntary Reporting of Greenhouse Gases [Section 1605(b) of the Energy Policy Act of 1992]. DOE 1605b GHGs addressed include the 6 Kyoto Gases- CO2, CH4, N2O, HFC, PFC, and SF6 Sources- Direct, Indirect De minimis threshold defined as 3% of total GHG inventory Provides a methodology rating approach • Stationary – Monitoring – Mass balance using Carbon content of fuel – IPCC for CH4 and N2O • Indirect – Generator specific factors – EIA – e-GRID Includes guidance for: • Stationary Combustion, Indirect Emissions, Mobile Combustion, Process emissions, geologic sequestration, forestry, agriculture The Climate Registry (TCR) The Climate Registry is policy-neutral collaboration among 40 states; 9 Canadian provinces; 6 Mexican states; and 3 Native American tribes aimed at developing and managing a common greenhouse gas emissions reporting system. • Goal is to improve consistency and transparency between programs and establish a high level of integrity in emissions accounting and reporting. The Climate Registry (TCR) GHGs addressed include the 6 Kyoto Gases- CO2, CH4, N2O, HFC, PFC, and SF6 Sources- Direct, Indirect, Optional Indirect De minimis threshold defined as 5% Emission factor sources- EPA, IPCC, Climate Leaders, eGRID Protocols are equivalent to WRI/WBCSD California Climate Action Registry (CCAR) The California Climate Action Registry (CCAR) was established by California statute as a non-profit voluntary registry for GHG emissions. The purpose of the CCAR is to help companies and organizations with operations in the state to establish GHG emissions baselines against which any future GHG emission reduction requirements may be applied. Participants include businesses, non-profit organizations, municipalities, state agencies, and other entities. CCAR staff were instrumental in establishing TCR CCAR to be eventually superseded by TCR, and CCAR will change its mission to focus on the management and tracking of GHG emission reduction projects via the Climate Action Reserve (CAR) California Climate Action Registry (CCAR) GHGs addressed include the 6 Kyoto Gases- CO2, CH4, N2O, HFC, PFC, and SF6 Sources- Direct, Indirect De minimis threshold defined as 5% Emission factors sources- California Specific, DOE/EIA, IPCC, e-GRID Includes guidance for: • Stationary Combustion, Indirect Emissions, Mobile Combustion, and Sector specific modules for Cement Industry, Forest Products, and Power/Utility NOTE- CA Mandatory Program (AB32) started in 2008 International Council for Local Environmental Initiatives (ICLEI) – Local Governments for Sustainability more than 700 cities, towns, and counties worldwide provides resources, tools, and information exchange services for reduction of GHG emissions. February 2008, ICLEI released a draft of the ICLEI Protocol for inventory of municipal operations. Guidance on inventory of community emissions forthcoming similar to the WRI/WBCSD GHG Protocol, but with additional guidance relative to information management for municipalities International Council for Local Environmental Initiatives (ICLEI) – Local Governments for Sustainability Sources- Direct, Indirect adds “conservativeness” as a guiding principle • that is, assumptions, values, and procedures used to quantify GHG emission levels should overestimate, not underestimate Tiered approach to emission factors and activity data • Tier 1: Basic • Tier 2: Intermediate • Tier 3: Most accurate/complex (Try to use best) Chicago Climate Exchange (CCX) Established in response to a feasibility study conducted by Environmental Financial Products and funded by the Chicago-based Joyce Foundation. • concluded “a North American private-sector pilot GHG trading market was feasible” “North America’s only, and the world’s first, GHG emission registry, reduction and trading system for all six GHGs” Chicago Climate Exchange (CCX) voluntary, legally binding commitment to reduce direct GHG emissions below an emissions baseline. inventories based upon the WRI/WBCSD GHG Protocol guidance and tools. CCX hires a third party, the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority, for verification of inventory data, unlike most other registries that require the member to hire an independent third party from a list of precertified verification parties. ISO 14064 The ISO 14064 comprises three standards: • ISO 14064-1, Greenhouse gases – Part 1: Specification with guidance at the organization level for the quantification and reporting of greenhouse gas emissions and removals. • ISO 14064-2, Greenhouse gases – Part 2: Specification with guidance at the project level for the quantification, monitoring and reporting of greenhouse gas emission reductions and removal enhancements. • ISO 14064-3, Greenhouse gases – Part 3: Specification with guidance for the validation and verification of greenhouse gas assertions. Closely follows WRI GHG Protocol GHGs addressed include the 6 Kyoto Gases- CO2, CH4, N2O, HFC, PFC, and SF6 Sources- Direct, Energy Indirect, Other indirect Specific emission factors or quantification methodologies are not provided United Kingdom Water Industry Research (UKWIR) – Workbook for Quantifying Greenhouse Gas Emissions Finalized in February 2005 Specifically on estimating individual water company GHG emissions • • • • • • • Drinking water treatment and pumping Sewage treatment and pumping Sludge treatment and disposal Administrative activities Transport Use of purchased electricity Production and use of self-generated electricity from biogas, sludge, or other fuels • Fuel use, including use in process and transport Microsoft Excel Spreadsheet Tool 2004 UK Department for Environment, Food, and Rural Affairs (Defra) Guidelines for Company Reporting Questions? Extra Material CO2 Emissions Since Industrial Revolution GHG Atmospheric Concentrations IPCC 4th Report Figure Observed changes in (a) global average surface temperature; (b) global average sea level from tide gauge (blue) and satellite (red) data and (c) Northern Hemisphere snow cover for March-April. All differences are relative to corresponding averages for the period 1961-1990. Smoothed curves represent decadal averaged values while circles show yearly values. The shaded areas are the uncertainty intervals estimated from a comprehensive analysis of known uncertainties (a and b) and from the time series (c). Physical and Infrastructure Risks Projected Changes This Century More hot days, more frequent heat waves Industry, Human Settlements and Society Agriculture, Forestry and Water Higher energy demand Increased water demand Fewer disruptions to transport Increased insect infestation from snow and ice Lower crop yields in warmer Reduced winter tourism climates More frequent heavy Flooding of transportation and Crop, tree and reef damage commerce networks Soil erosion precipitation, intense Property loss Water logging of soil and hurricane and cyclone Withdrawal of risk coverage inhibition of cultivation by insurers activity More areas affected by drought Rise in sea levels Power outages Shortages of water for industry Reduced hydropower Population migrations Land degradation Lower crop yields Wildfires Human Health Increase in heat-related deaths and illnesses Decrease in deaths and illnesses from cold Increases in flood-related injuries and deaths Higher incidence of infectious (e.g., Malaria), respiratory and skin diseases More food and water shortages Higher incidence of water and food borne disease Movements of populations Salinization of irrigation water, Increase in flood related and infrastructure estuaries and freshwater injuries and deaths Property loss systems More migration related health Withdrawal of risk coverage Shortages of fresh water problems by insurers