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Name: ______________________________ Class: ____ Date: ____________ I. Selective Breeding 1) __________________________________________= The process by which desired traits of certain plants and animals are selected and passed on to their future generations. Breed only those plants or animals with desirable traits 2) People have been using selective breeding for 1000’s of years with farm crops and domesticated animals. II. Human Genome Project (HGP) 1) HGP = _____________ of all 30,000 genes on the 46 human chromosomes (1988-2003) Information has led to many advances in the fields of medicine, agriculture, bio-engineering 2) An organism’s _________________is the total DNA in the nucleus of each cell III. Genetic Engineering 1) Biotechnology refers to technology used to ___________________DNA. 2) The procedures are often referred to as ________________________________________. 3) ____________is the genetic material of all living organisms. All organisms use the _____________ genetic code (A, T, C, G). IV. Recombinant DNA 1) _____________________________________refers to the DNA from the two different organisms. Can be used for creating transgenic organisms, gene therapy, and cloning. 2) Recombinant DNA technology was first used in the 1970’s with bacteria. 3) A ________________________ is small ring of DNA in a bacterium Word Bank recombinant plasmid genetic-engineering DNA same manipulate genome human-genome-project selective-breeding 1 4) Making Recombinant Bacteria a) Remove bacterial DNA (plasmid). b) Cut the Bacterial DNA with “_______________________________________________ (RE)”. o Restriction enzymes were discovered in _______________________. o Bacteria use them as a defense mechanism to cut up the ___________ of viruses or other bacteria o Each restriction enzyme or RE cuts DNA at a ____________________base sequence. DNA specific Word bank restriction-enzymes bacteria For example, EcoRI always cuts DNA at GAATTC as indicated below The sequence GAATTC appear three time in the below strand of DNA, so it is cut into four pieces. Fragments of DNA that has been cut with restriction enzymes have unpaired nucleotides at the ends called __________________________. Sticky ends have complementary bases, so they __________________________________. 2 c) Cut the gene of interest from the organism’s DNA with _________ “restriction enzyme” (RE). d) Combine the “sticky ends” of the two DNA pieces together with ______________________________(enzyme). o This creates a _____________________ = a DNA molecule used to carry a gene of interest from one organism to another. o __________________ & ___________________ are the most commonly used vectors e) Insert vector into bacteria. f) The bacteria can now ___________________________ the recombinant DNA. g) The foreign genes will be ___________________________ in the bacteria. Plasmid reproduce expressed Word Bank viruses vector DNA ligase the-same 5) Benefits of Recombinant Bacteria The example of gene splicing you MUST know: Bacteria have been engineered to make ______________________ for diabetics. Bacteria have been engineered to make ________________________________. In both cases the engineered hormones are safe to use because they are ____________ to normal human ________________. growth-hormone Word Bank identical hormones insulin 3