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Discovery of DNA structure DNA discovery When protein was discovered with respect to DNA? Rosalind Franklin (1920-1958) Rosalind Franklin (1920-1958) Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) Double-stranded helical molecule found in the nucleus of the cell Replicates itself before the cell divides, ensuring genetic continuity Provides instructions for protein synthesis DNA structure In Prokaryotes In eukaryotes DNA in prokaryotes e.g. Bacteria Is called nucleoid DNA is very long can reach up to 710 meters in eukaryotes How DNA is packed inside a small microscopic cells? DNA forms Human DNA Stores genetic information Genes Movie about DNA packaging Chemical structure of DNA Composed of carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, and phosphorus DNA is a polymer its structural unit is the nucleotide composed of nitrogenous base a pentose sugar, a phosphate group Chemical structure of DNA Nitrogenous bases Chemical structure of DNA Chemical structure of DNA Reading the DNA molecule is from the 5` to 3` Base pairing of DNA Chargaff's rules: • The amount of adenine equals that of thymine: [A] = [T]. • The amount of guanine equals that of cytosine:[G] = [C] [A] + [G] = [T]+ [C] The amount of purine base equals that of pyrimidine bases: True or false The amount of purine base equals that of pyrimidine bases in any DNA molecules Discovery of the central dogma? DNA replication Starts at replication origin Initiation: replication fork ( unwinding the Double helix) Major differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes DNA replication exercise http://www.wiley.com/college/pratt/04713938 78/student/animations/dna_replication/ind ex.html Enzymes involved in the replication process Helicase Polymerase Topoisomerase SSB proteins Ligase