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The "six" kingdom taxonomic scheme
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What do you think about…………..
TBC
Prokaryotes are classified into two groups :
• Founded
by Anthony van
Leeuwenhoek (1674).
•bacterium named by
Ehrenberg (1828), from Yunani
word is βακτηριον meaning
"small stick".
E. coli on the surface of the intestine.
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E. coli on the surface of human skin
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Kingdom Archaebacteria
 Found in harsh environments (undersea
volcanic vents, acidic hot springs, salty water)
 Cell walls without peptidoglycan
 Plasma membrane contain lipid with eter
bound
 Ribosom contain some RNA Polymerase
 Subdivided into 3 groups based on their habitat -1. methanogens,
2. thermoacidophiles, &
3. extreme halophiles
Archaea live in
 anaerobic swamps
 salt lakes
 acidic hot springs
 deep-sea hydrothermal
vents
 animal digestive systems
Kingdom Eubacteria
(true bacteria)
 Cell walls with peptidoglycan
 Ribosom contain one kind of RNA Polymerase
 Plasma membrane contain lipid with ester bound
 Most bacteria in this kingdom
 Come in 3 basic shapes --- cocci (spheres), bacilli
(rod shaped), spirilla (corkscrew shape)
THE STRUCTURE
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Structure of bacteria
Cell Wall
protects the cell and gives shape
Outer
Membrane
protects the cell against some antibiotics (only
present in Gram negative cells)
Cell Membrane
regulates movement of materials into and out of the
cell; contains enzymes important to cellular
respiration
Cytoplasm
contains DNA, ribosomes, and organic compounds
required to carry out life processes
Chromosome
carries genetic information inherited from past
generations
Plasmid
contains some genes obtain through genetic
recombination
Capsule, and
slime layer
protects the cell and assist in attaching the cell to
other surfaces
Pilus (Pili)
assist the cell in attaching to other surfaces,
which is important for genetic recombination
STRUCTURE FUNCTION
the cell
Flagellum
Mesosom
moves the cell
To form of cell membrane when cleavage begin
To help the sparatition chromosome duplicasted
Endospore
protects the cell against harsh environmental
conditions, such as heat or drought
 Pili help cells attach to surfaces
Pili
Figure 16.12B
Endospores allow certain bacteria to survive
environmental extremes in a resting stage
Endospore
Figure 16.12C
variety of shapes
 Spheres (cocci) are the
most common
 Rods (bacilli)
• Curves or spirals
Figure 16.9A-C
 Kokus (Coccus) dalah bakteri yang berbentuk
bulat seperti bola, dan mempunyai beberapa
variasi sebagai berikut:
 Mikrococcus, jika kecil dan tunggal
 Diplococcus, jka bergandanya dua-dua
 Tetracoccus, jika bergandengan empat dan
membentuk bujursangkar
 Sarcina, jika bergerombol membentuk kubus
 Staphylococcus, jika bergerombol
 Streptococcus, jika bergandengan membentuk
rantai
 Basil (Bacillus) adalah kelompok bakteri yang
berbentuk batang atau silinder, dan mempunyai
variasi sebagai berikut:
 Diplobacillus, jika bergandengan dua-dua
 Streptobacillus, jika bergandengan membentuk
rantai
 Spiril (Spirilum) adalah bakteri yang berbentuk
lengkung dan mempunyai variasi sebagai berikut:
 Vibrio, (bentuk koma), jika lengkung kurang
dari setengah lingkaran
 Spiral, jika lengkung lebih dari setengah
lingkaran
Streptococcus
Diplobasil
Campylobacter jejuni,
curved (vibrio-shaped), rod
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BASED ON THE MOVEMENT ORGANS
MONOTRIC
AMFITRIC
LOFOTRIC
WHEN THE BACTERIA DON’T HAVE FLAGEL IS
CALLED ATRIC
PERITRIC
Berdasarkan kisaran suhu aktivitasnya, bakteri
dibagi menjadi 3 golongan:
 Bakteri psikrofil, yaitu bakteri yang hidup pada
daerah suhu antara 0°– 30°C, dengan suhu
optimum 15°C.
 Bakteri mesofil, yaitu bakteri yang hidup di daerah
suhu antara 15° – 55°C, dengan suhu optimum 25°
– 40°C.
 Bakteri termofil, yaitu bakteri yang dapat hidup di
daerah suhu tinggi antara 40° – 75°C, dengan suhu
optimum 50 - 65°C
Bacterial Reproduction & Genetic
Recombination
 Most bacteria reproduce asexually by binary fission
(chromosome replicates & then the cell divides)
 Bacteria replicate (double in number) every 20 minutes
under ideal conditions
 Bacteria contain much less DNA than eukaryotes
 Bacterial plasmids are used in genetic engineering to
carry new genes into other organisms
 Bacteria recombine genetic material in 3 ways
transformation, conjugation, transduction
Conjugation
• Sexual reproductive method
• Two bacteria form a conjugation bridge or
tube between them
• Pili hold the bacteria together
• DNA is transferred from one bacteria to the
other
Transformation
 Bacteria pick up
pieces of DNA
from other dead
bacterial cells
 New bacterium
is genetically
different from
original
Transduction
Staining properties of bacteria
 by Danish microbiologist, Hans Gram
 Purple with Crystal Violet & iodine;
rinsed with alcohol to decolorize; then
restained with Safranin
 Then bacteria which become violet are
called gram positive and remaining
colourless bacteria called gram negative.
REACTION OF CELL TO STAINING GRAM
Materi Pelatihan Guru
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Materi Pelatihan Guru
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Compare gram + and gram -
Gram-positive bacteria (Gram +)
• Thick layer of peptidoglycan (protein- sugar)
complex in cell walls & single layer of lipids
• Stain purple
Gram-negative bacteria (Gram -)
• Cell walls have a thin layer of peptidoglycan &
an extra layer of lipids on the outside
• Stain pink or reddish
• Lipid layer prevents the purple stain &
antibiotics from entering (antibiotic resistant
Methods of Respiration
 Obligate aerobic bacteria
 Obligate anaerobes
 Facultative anaerobes
 Anaerobes carry on fermentation, while aerobes
carry on cellular respiration
Methods of Nutrition
 Saprobes feed on dead organic matter
 Symbionts make mutually beneficial
association with other organisms. Example
Rhizobium in root nodules of legume plants
 Parasites feed on a host cell
 Photoautotrophs use sunlight for energy, but
get carbon from organic compounds (not CO2)
to make their own food
 Chemoautotrophs obtain food by oxidizing
inorganic substances like sulfur, instead of
using sunlight
THE ROLE