Download genetic engineering

GENETIC ENGINEERING
Genetic Engineering
• Some techniques in GE use bacteria and
viruses to transfer genetic information
• Bacteria- biotic
• Viruses- abiotic
Bacteria and Viruses
• Both have the ability to reproduce very
quickly• GE uses this to its advantage!
• Most bacteria reproduce asexually, called
binary fission (sexual reproduction is possible)
• Viruses must have a host to reproduce
Recombinant DNA
•Bacteria contain DNA and a circular section
of DNA called a plasmid
•Plasmids are used in recombinant DNA
techniques
Recombinant DNA
Bacterial transformation
• process by which bacterial cells take up DNA
molecules
• If the foreign DNA is recognized by the host
cell, the bacteria will replicate the foreign DNA
along with their own DNA
• Transformation can occur through conjugation
Bacterial Conjugation
• transfer of genetic material between bacterial
cells by direct cell-to-cell contact or by a
bridge-like connection
Cloning
Dolly: A cloned sheep
July 5th, 1996 - February 14th, 2003
• First mammal cloned from adult cell
• Took 277 attempts before success
• chromosomes were a little shorter than
those of other sheep
Not exact copy?!
Other clones
Hybrids
• offspring of two different species usually produced
through human manipulation
– Hybrids can happen naturally but it is extremely rare
• Can plants be hybrids?
• Can animals be hybrids?
• Successful hybrids are only created when the species
used are extremely similar in genetic information
Hybrids
Hybrid offspring are usually sterile
Naming hybrids:
Male species + female species
Ex.
Male lion + female tiger= liger
Real Hybrids
Liger
Male lion+
female tiger
Tigon
Male tiger+
female lion
Leopon
Male leopard +
female lion
Real Hybrids
Wholpin
Male killer whale +
female bottlenose
dolphin
Grolar
(or pizzly)
Male grizzly
bear+ female
polar bear
Cama
Male Camel +
Female llama
Real Hybrids
Zony
Male zebra+
female pony
Zorse
Male zebra +
female horse
What is the most common hybrid
I haven’t named yet?
A Mule!
SELECTIVE BREEDING
Organisms are selected to breed due to
a desirable trait that they contain
Ex. If you wanted black dogs you would
select black dogs to mate
If you wanted small birds you would
select small birds to mate