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How did this happen? Genetic Engineering L.O: To understand the process of genetic modification. Anagrams lodyl senge uclesun niclngo srgrueoat slxaeua tinctug mborye loenc ohmemcrosos • • • • • • • • • • Dolly Genes Nucleus Cloning Surrogate Asexual Cutting Embryo Clone Chromosomes What do you think about GM wheat? GMO Wheat May Help Solve Food Crisis, Australian Scientist Says Aya Takada July 4, 2008 Wheat genetically modified to tolerate drought would boost crop yields and may help the world resolve a food crisis, an Australian state researcher said. Genetic Engineering • Genetic engineering takes genes from one organism, and places them into the chromosomes of another organism. It alters an organism's genetic code, and works because there is only one code for life • The set of instructions for which a gene is responsible work whichever organism the gene is in, e.g. a gene for luminescence from a jellyfish can be added to a frog, making it luminescent too! Genetic Engineering Genetic engineering involves directly changing the genes The desired gene is cut out of one organisms using enzymes and inserted into another gene again using enzymes Genetic engineering is used to produce insulin for diabetics The gene for producing insulin was located in human DNA This is then cut out and inserted into bacteria DNA using enzymes The bacteria are then left to reproduce asexually (clone) Each bacteria has the inserted gene and will now produce insulin The science of genetic engineering 14 of 20 © Boardworks Ltd 2011 Genetically engineering bacteria 15 of 20 © Boardworks Ltd 2011 What would you genetically modify and why Other examples Transgenic plants have been developed for various purposes: resistance to pests, herbicides or harsh environmental conditions; improved shelf life; increased nutritional value. Genetic Engineering Pros and Cons • • • • • • • • Pros Can be used to treat diseases (cut out genes) Could be used to reduce the impact of genetic disease May be possible to genetically engineer animals to harvest human organs Plants growth rate could be improved therefore saving money and providing more food GM foods could have a longer shelf life You could modify food so it grows in any conditions, helping hunger problems Fruit and Vegetable ripening rate can be changed Animals e.g. cattle can be made to grow faster Cons • • • • • • ‘playing god’ Reducing the ‘gene pool’ It might not work (genes are complicated!) and you would waste money The effects aren’t yet known long term concerns include pesticide resistant insects Genes could spread into the wildlife in other places or often the plants aren’t fertile so seed would need to be bought every year Designer babies is a concern for many people