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DNA Review & Chromosomes DNA StRucture • Rosalind FranklinTook first x-ray crystallography pictures of DNA • Watson & Crick – used Franklin’s pictures to come up with double helical model of DNA DNA is Genetic Material • DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID – Controls protein production in cells – Made up of many genes which control traits DNA structure • Made up of units called NUCLEOTIDES PO4 DNA structure Remember that DNA has 2 strands Each strand is COMPLEMENTARY to the other Complementary Strands • If we know the DNA sequence of one strand, we can predict the DNA sequence of it’s complement C A G A T A T PO4 C PO4 T PO4 G PO4 PO4 PO4 G PO4 PO4 C T G A C PO4 PO4 PO4 PO4 PO4 PO4 PO4 PO4 Review • Write the complementary strand sequence for the following: ATTCGACTACCTG TAAGCTGATGGAC Purines & Pyrimidines • Purine – Base that has 2 carbon/nitrogen rings – Adenine & Guanine • Pyrimidine – Base that has 1 carbon/nitrogen ring – Cytosine, Thymine, & Uracil Purine Pyrimidine Identify its pair Cytosine pairs with: GUANINE Adenine pairs with: THYMINE Purine & Pyrimidine DNA Folding • DNA strands must fold up into a smaller package before cellular division can occur. • Histones are proteins that the DNA strand wraps around to form condensed packages. • This complex of proteins and DNA is called chromatin. • https://www.youtube.com/watch? v=gbSIBhFwQ4s Chromosomes • Chromatin will continue to condense. These final packages of condensed DNA are known as chromosomes. To be Genetic Material • Requirements: 1. Able to store and pass information from one generation to the next 2. The stored info is responsible for traits 3. Must be easily replicated with minimal errors Genes • DNA is the blueprint of the body, because it tells the cells what proteins to make. • A section of a chromosome with a particular sequence of DNA that codes for a specific protein(s) is called a gene. • These proteins determine traits. Alleles • Most genes have at least two different proteins that can determine traits. • Different sequences of DNA that code for different proteins of the same trait are called alleles. TACTTGCATCGGTCAATC TACTTGCCTGAATCAATC ATGAACGTAGCCAGTTAG ATGAACGGACTTAGTTAG Brown eyes Blue eyes Mutation • Alleles arise from genetic mutation. • A mutation is the change in the DNA sequence for a particular gene. • There are two main types of mutations: – Point – Frame shift Point Mutation • A point mutation is when a single nucleotide of the sequence is miscopied during DNA replication. TACGTTATAATC TACGTAATAATC Substitution • The miscopy can cause a new protein to be produced. TACGTGATAATC TACGTTATAATC AUGCACUAUUAG AUGCAAUAUUAG Met-His-Tyr Met-Gln-Tyr Silent Mutation • The miscopy can also have no affect on the protein produced. TACGTGATAATC TACGTAATAATC AUGCACUAUUAG AUGCAUUAUUAG Met-His-Tyr Met-His-Tyr Frame shift • Frame shift is when the bases shift and codons change. TAC GTG ATA ATC TAC GTG ATA ATC AC GTG ATA ATC ACG TGA TAA TC A TAC GTG ATA ATC ATA CGT GAT AAT C • There are two types of frame shift – Deletion – Insertion Insertion • Insertion is when a nucleotide is put in the middle of the DNA sequence. TAC GTG ATA ATC A TAC GTG ATA ATC ATA CGT GAT AAT C • This causes all the nucleotides to shift producing mostly new codons. Deletion • Deletion is when a nucleotide is removed from the middle of the DNA sequence. TAC GTG ATA ATC AC GTG ATA ATC ACG TGA TAA TC • Again this causes all the nucleotides to shift producing mostly new codons.