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Heredity-transmission of traits from 1 generation to the next Genetics-study of heredity & variation Genes-segments of DNA Gemetes-reproductive cells (sperm, egg) These are haploid (n) Somatic cells-body cells-diploid (2n) Fusion of gametes = zygote Locus-location of a gene on a chromosome Genome-the complete complement of an organisms’ genes Karyotype-a display of all pairs of homologous chromosomes in a cell, arranged by size & shape Homologous chromosomes-those that carry the genes that control the same traits Autosomes- non-sex chromosomes Meiosis-production of gametes Is preceded by DNA replication Result is 4 haploid daughter cells Meiosis I – homologous chromosomes separate Crossing over occurs Crossing over Prophase I Synapsis-joining of homologous chromosomes along their length This is called a tetrad Chiasmata-place where crossing over occurs (where homologous chromosomes overlap) Meiosis II-sister chromatids separate Synapsis & crossing over do not occur during mitosis Tetrads line up in metaphase I instead of just sister chromatids If a heart cell of an animal has 36 chromosomes how many chromosomes does its sperm cell have? Independent assortment @ Metaphase I Alterations of generations Plants & some algae Haploid & diploid life cycle Diploid stage- sporophyte (meiosis makes haploid spores/that divide via mitosis to make a gametophyte Haploid stage- gametophyte (makes haploid gametes via mitosis & then fertilization occurs making diploid zygote) **a multicellular haploid stage occurs (this does not occur in animals) Ch14 True-breeding-plants that selfpollinate & so all offspring are of the same type Hybridization- Crossing 2 truebreeding plants The true breeding plants are the (P) parental generation Their offspring are the F1 generation If the F1 are X’ed then an F2 generation results Alleles-diff versions of a gene Recessive Dominant-fully expressed Homozygous-2 of the same alleles Heterozygous-2 diff alleles Phenotype-expressed trait Genotype-the genetic makeup Testcross-X’ing recess indiv w/an indiv showing the dom phenotype to find out if the organism is homo, or hetero Monohybrid cross-cross studying only 1 characteristic Dihybrid-cross to study 2 char A 3:1 ratio suggests that both parents are heterozygous The phenotypic ratio of a typical F2 generation w/Mendelian inheritance is 9:3:3:1 An organism with the genotype SsVv can have what possible gametes? SV Sv sV sv Codominance-2 alleles are dominant & affect phenotype in 2 diff but = ways (blood type) Incomplete dominance-when the F1 hybrids have a phenotype in b/w both parents usually a 1:2:1 ratio Multiple alleles- many diff alleles for a trait (Blood type) Pleiotropy- makes it have phenotypic effects epistasis- a gene at 1 locus affects a gene at another locus Polygenic inheritance-2 or more genes have an additive effect on a single character (height, skin) Pedigree-family tree tracking a gene through generations Ch15 Chromosome theory of inheritance: Genes have specific locations on chromosomes Sex-linked genes- genes on the sex chromosomes (X or Y) Linked genes-genes on the same chromosome that tend to be inherited together Recombination-the production of offspring that have a new combination of genes than those of the parents Parental types-receive nonrecombinant genes Recombinants-get the new combination of genes Genetic map-ordered list of genes & their loci on a chromo Linkage map-based on recombination freq’s A freq of 50% indication that the genes are on diff chromo’s Sex-linked traits are passed on to sons from their mom Fathers pass on sex-linked traits to daughters but not sons Males are Hemizygous Cytogenetic map-A map of a chromosome that includes the positions of genes relative to visible chromosomal features, such as stained bands Barr body-inactivated X chromosome Nondisjunction-when homologous chromosomes do not separate in Meiosis I or sister chromatids do not separate in Meiosis II Aneuploidy-offspring w/incorrect chormo # Polyploidy-having more than 2 complete sets of chromo’s Monosomic Trisomic Deletion-a piece of the chromo is lost, so the chromo is missing genes Duplication-the fragment that broke off (above) attaches to its sister chromatid Inversion-fragment breaks off, & reattached to original position but inverted Translocation-the fragment joins a nonhomologous chromosome Down’s syndroms-trisomy 21 Klinefelters syndrome-XXY Turners syndrome-X