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Download Chapter 12 – Inheritance Patterns And Human Genetics
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Make a Punnett square for the following test cross: A black hamster of unknown genotype is crossed with a white hamster (aa). The offspring are 50% white. What was the genotype of the unkown black hamster? Dominance relationships Heterozygotes have a mixed phenotype Aa = pink Both genes are expressed Aa = spotted More than 2 alleles of a gene 4 genes for rabbits C=agouti Cch=chinchilla Ch=himalayan c=albino Dominance C > Cch > Ch > c One allele hides the other One gene needed to “turn on” another gene B = dark pigment b = light pigment E gene needed for color eebb= yellow fur Eabb= chocoalte fur Analyzed with a dihybrid cross Trait controlled by many genes Continuous range of phenotypes Internal Hormones External Temperature, nutrition, etc. Thomas Hunt Morgan Used fruit fly XX=female, XY= male Gene on X chromosome Males XY Often have disease Females XX Often carriers (heterozygous) Passed from mothers to sons “Skips a generation” XR XR Xr XR XR Xr XR Y XR Y Single allele traits (dominant) Huntington’s disease, dwarfism, cataracts Single allele traits (recessive) Albinism, cystic fibrosis, hereditary deafness Polygenic traits Hair/skin/eye color, foot size, nose length, height X-linked traits Colorblindness, hemophilia, muscular dystrophy Multiple allele traits ABO blood groups 11 Three alleles control blood type: IA, IB, i Blood types are: A, B, or O Genotype Blood Type IAIA A IAi A IBIB B IBi IAIB ii B AB O 12 If A is blue and a is yellow, what will Aa be if there is incomplete dominance? If there is codominance? An XAXa female (normal) mates with a colorblind (XaY) male. What percentage of male offspring will be colorblind? Female offspring? Punnett squares are helpful, but provide only information on one generation at a time Pedigree analysis provides a pattern of inheritance within a family grouping Phenotypes of family members are studied Rules for making a pedigree 1.) Circles are females; squares are males 2.) Horizontal lines represent marriage unions or linkage between brothers & sisters 3.) Vertical lines represent offspring; offspring in order LR oldestyoungest 4.) Filled in = infected, ½ filled in = carrier 14 Given the pedigree to the left… How many males are colorblind? How many females are colorblind? How many females are carriers? How many married couples are shown?