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DNA DeoxyriboNucleic Acid DNA is the Genetic Material of Chromosomes http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/ genome/program.html Instructions for a human 3:40 Levels of Structure • Chromosomes are long DNA molecules packed together • DNA is composed of 2 strands • Each strand is a long string of nucleotides Journey into DNA http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/ genome/dna.html# DNA is the blueprint • Contains the codes for what makes us… us • We are really just scratching the surface in understanding the ways DNA works Some basics about DNA • We have a lot of it- every cell contains about 6.5 feet of DNA (if you were to run each molecule end to end) • The total length of DNA in our body would go the sun and back – 70 times! Our Understanding of It Is Changing Rapidly Old View New View • DNA is mostly genes • <1% of DNA are actually coding • Each segment of genes DNA is a gene that codes for a protein • The rest controls the expression of genes • Rest of DNA is “junk” or play as-of-yet undiscovered roles What We Have a Good Understanding Of • The structure of DNA (shape, how it is stored etc.) • How DNA is replicated • How proteins are made from genes • The sequence of DNA What We Barely Understand • • • • • What causes genes to be activated or expressed What the 99% of DNA does or why it’s there Genetic links in things like heart disease/cancer How the environment affects our DNA How DNA came to be, chromosome came to be etc. • Much, much more Our Knowledge of DNA is Changing RAPIDLY! • Our understandings now is very different from when I was in college which is different from when I was in HS. Our understanding will have changed if you take biology in college The Structure of DNA (DEOXYRIBOSE NUCLEIC ACID) • A. DNA is a macromolecules called NUCLEIC ACIDS. The other type of molecule in this category is RNA. Remember… • Since DNA is a macromolecule (POLYMER), it is really made of many (in this case billions) smaller molecules (MONOMERS!) put together. The DNA monomer is the individual NUCLEOTIDE. Nucleotide • A single piece of the DNA strand • Made of 3 parts – Deoxyribose (sugar) – Phosphate – Base (A,G,C or T) DNA Nucleotides Purines Adenine Guanine Phosphate group Pyrimidines Cytosine Thymine Deoxyribose The backbone of 1 strand • Alternates between the sugar (deoxyribose) and the phosphate group • The base sticks out into the middle Double-Stranded • The bases hydrogen bond with each other to hold the strands together • The base from one strand bonds with the base from the other forming a complementary base pair a. ADENINE bonds with THYMINE b. GUANINE bonds with CYTOSINE Figure 12–7 Structure of DNA Section 12-1 Nucleotide Hydrogen bonds Sugar-phosphate backbone Key Adenine (A) Thymine (T) Cytosine (C) Guanine (G) DNA Structure • Theorized to be a double helix consisting of 2 strands wrapped around each other • Discovered by Watson and Crick AND Rosalind Franklin Rosalind Franklin • Provided the scientific evidence that allowed Watson and Crick to suggest the double helix • Often goes uncredited and since she had died – couldn’t share in the Nobel prize • What about the structure of DNA makes us unique??? – ORDER OF BASE PAIRS – http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/genome/program.html genetic variation (6:33) • • • • • What You Should Know about DNA structure The basic structure of a nucleotide The basic structure of DNA How DNA and RNA differ Base-pair rules How the structure suggests a replication method