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Today is Friday, January 11th DO NOW Be sure to take a copy of Chem w/s and complete #1 - 9 1 Organic vs. Inorganic • View the organic molecules and compare them to the inorganic molecules. What qualifies them as “organic”? • Organic - C6H12O6 - CH11N5O4 - C2H4NO • Inorganic – – – – – CO2 H2O NaCl AgNO3 HCl Organic Chem – the study of C based compounds (must have both C & H) 2-3 Carbon Compounds I. Living things are made of carbon compounds A. Organic 1. All living things are considered organic compounds 2. Contains carbon & hydrogen atoms 3. DOES NOT MEAN that it is found in the organic section in the Supermarket 3 B. Inorganic 1. Does NOT contain carbon compounds 2. may have carbon but will have other elements as well 4 Organic vs. Inorganic w/s 5 Intro to Orgo II. Why Carbon? A. It’s versatile – makes many structures or chains B. 4 valence electrons (4 covalent bonds) C. Form simple or complex compounds D. chains form backbone of most biological molecules (straight, bent, double bond, rings) III. Four main organic compounds found in living things A. Macromolecules 1. large molecules in living things 2. contains numerous amounts of atoms Living organisms • Four main organic compounds found in living things – – – – Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic Acids 7 Carbohydrates • Made of C, H, O • Main source of energy • Can be used for structural purposes • Glucose = immediate energy • Complex carbs ~ starches ~ stored • Can have 4 valence electrons • Uses its versatility to form chains 8 • 4 classes: – Carbohydrates – Lipids – Proteins – Nucleic Acids • Polymers – long molecule made of building blocks called monomers – Ex. Carbs, Proteins, Nucleic acids “mer” Activity 10 Carbohydrates • • • • We get most of their energy from carbs Carbs are sugars, most end in “-ose” Multiple of molecular formula: CH2O Monosaccharides – Monomers: simple sugars w/ 3-7 carbons – Ex. (C6H12O6): Glucose, Fructose, Galactose Carbohydrates (cont’d) • Disaccharide – formed by 2 monosaccharides forming a glycosidic linkage by dehydration synthesis • Ex. glucose + glucose maltose + H2O glucose + fructose sucrose + H2O glucose + galactose lactose + H2O Carbohydrates (cont’d) • Polysaccharides: 100’s – 1,000’s of monosaccharides joined by glycosidic linkages • Storage polysaccharides: – Starch AKA Amylose • monomer-glucose (helical) • Plants store starch in plastids, and hydrolyze when needed – Glycogen • Monomer – glucose (branched) • Vertebrates temporarily store glycogen in liver & muscle • Structural polysaccharides: – Cellulose – plant cell walls • Monomer – glucose (linear) – Chitin • Arthropod exoskeletons • Fungi cell walls Carbohydrates - Monosaccharide • Mono = 1 • Saccharide = sugar – Glucose – Galactose – Fructose • Many monosaccharide = polysaccharides 14 Carbohydrates Polysaccharides • Animals store as glycogen • BS ↓ glycogen gets released from liver • Plants ~ starch is stored excess sugar • Cellulose gives strength & rigidity 15 Lipids • No true monomer • Made of C & H • Used to store energy effectiently (2x’s more than carbs) • Part of biological membranes & waterproof coverings • Used as insulation • Protective cushion around organs • Not soluble in H20 16 Lipids • Examples: – Fats & oils – Phospholipids – Steroids – Waxes Fats & Oils • Fat is assembled when a glycerol combines with a fatty acid • Two types of fats: - saturated - unsaturated Saturated Fats • When a carbon bond chain is joined to another carbon atom by a single bond • Contain no double bonds • Straight chain • Have as many H’s as possible • Solid at room temperature • Most animal fat • ex. Butter, lard, adipose Unsaturated Fats (Oils) • When there’s at least 1 double bond in a fatty acid • 1 or more C double bond • Chain is bent or kinked • Most plants and fish fat • Liquid at room temperature • ex. olive oil, cod liver oil, corn oil Phospholipids • Phosphate head – hydrophilic - loves water • Fatty Acid tails – hydrophobic – Not soluable in water • In water, phospholipids form a bilayer • Phospholipid bilayer is major component of cell membrane Steroids • 4 fused carbon rings w/various functional groups • Ex. Cholesterol – component of cell membrane, and many hormones • Muscle building Nucleic Acids • Made mostly of C & P • Some H,O, N, S • Monomer is a nucleic acid • Function – Store & transmit genetic info • Two kinds – RNA – Ribonucleic Acid – DNA – Deoxyribonucleic Acid24 Structure of Nucleic Acids • Monomers – nucleotides • Multiple nucleotides – polymers – form nucleic acids • composed of 3 parts: – 5 carbon sugar • Pentose (ribose or deoxyribose) – Phosphate group – Nitrogenous base – In DNA : Cytosine (C); Thymine (T); Adenine (A); Guanine (G) – In RNA : Cytosine (C); Uracil (U); Adenine (A); Guanine (G) Nucleic Acids 2 types: – RNA (ribonucleic acid) • Single stranded, variety of shapes • Transfers information from nucleus to cytoplasm (where proteins are made) – DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) • • • • • Found in nucleus of eukarya Double stranded helix Provides directions for its own replication Also directs RNA synthesis Through RNA controls 10 structure of proteins DNA RNA Proteins DNA vs. RNA DNA RNA Double Strand Single Strand Composed of bases A,T,G,C Composed of bases A,U,G,C Self-Replicating Made from DNA strand Found only in nucleus Made in nucleus, then moves to cytoplasm (ribosomes) DNA is the template for the production of RNA, which is then used to make proteins DNA RNA Proteins Another molecule of biological importance:ATP • Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) – primary energy transferring molecule in the cell • ATP ↔ ADP + Pi + Energy Proteins • Contain N, H, C, & O • consist amino acids (AA) – > 20 different • Specific functions: – Regulation – Control reaction rate – Bone & muscle formation – Transport substances – Infection control 29 Structure of Proteins • 10 Structure (primary) - Sequence of amino acid chain (length vary) - Determined by genes • 20 Structure (secondry) – How polypeptide folds or coils – Helix form – Pleats form Structure of Proteins • 30 Structure (teritary) - 3D (fold onto itself) – H bonds – Hydrophobic interaction – Disulfide bridges • 40 Structure – – bonds to other polypeptides – 2 or more polypeptide chains bonded together Protein Conformation • Structure of a protein is directly related to its function • Protein conformation is determined when it is synthesized, and maintained by chemical interactions • Protein conformation also depends on environmental factors: pH, salt concentration, temp…etc • Protein can be denatured – unravel and lose conformation, therefore biologically inactive… when conditions change again, protein can be renatured (restored to normal) Assignment: - complete worksheet 33