Download Diagrams to Review 1

Two types of molecules make a
fat
Amino
group
Acid group
R groups determine
type of amino aci
Animation 5.9.3
Product
Reactant
Reactant
Product
Negative change in free
energy
Animation 6.16
ATP helps to couple reactions
By
subdividing a
large volume
into smaller
volume
increase the
SA/Vol ratio
The surface area to volume ratio
increases with smaller size
•The endomembrane system includes the nuclear envelope, ER,
Golgi apparatus, lysosomes and various kinds of vacuoles.
•It can be used to add to the membrane system and also to modify it.
Chloroplasts convert radiant energy from the sun into
chemical energy the plant can use. Its inner membrane
is composed of flattened sacs called thylakoids. A
stack of these is called a granum. The thylakoid
membrane have a green pigment called chlorophyll in
them. Chloroplasts are part of a larger group of
organelles called plastids. Leukoplasts are colorless and
are used for storage (e.g. amyloplasts store starch).
Chromoplasts have colored pigments.
in eukaryotes
Basal body has 9 triplets
identical to the centriole
NAD+ recycled
NADox is
recycled
back to
glycolysis
Regulation such as
feedback inhibition
controls how much
ATP is produced
Types of cell communication
3 Stages of Cell Signaling
• 4 Types of
Signal
Reception
• G-ProteinLinked
• Tyrosine Kinase
• Ligand-gated
ion channels
• Intracellular
Receptors
Signal
Transduction
Pathways or
Relay Molecules
pass information
INTO the cell
Transfers a
phosphate group
from ATP to a
protein
To REVERSE the
process, protein
phosphatases
remove the
phosphate
groups
Usually serine or
threonine is
phosphorylated
Two kinds of
second
messengers are
cAMP and
Calcium ions
Some relay
molecules are
NOT proteins Second
Messengers
Page 199
Calcium can bind
to Calmodulin
Enzyme
Cascade
Effect
amplifies the
response
Binary Fission
MPF is only
active when
there is a high
cyclin
concentration
MPF will
phosphorylate
many enzymes which will move
the cell past the
G2 checkpoint
into M phase - it
will also make a
proteolytic
enzyme that
destroys cyclin
and thus turn off
MPF
Cdk and Cyclin
combine to form MPF
- which is an active
from of Cdk
Law of
Independent
Assortment
Crossing Over
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