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Transcript
Biochemistry What are living things made of? Elements and Atoms • Matter- anything that has mass and takes up space. • Atoms - basic building blocks of all matter. • Elements – pure substances that can’t be broken down into other substances. (atoms) • Molecules – two or more atoms joined together by chemical bonds. (smallest combination that can’t be divided without changing its chemical and physical properties) • Compounds –substances composed of atoms of different elements chemically combined. (molecules) Cells work on a chemical level The four types of molecules cells use regularly are: • Carbohydrates • Lipids • Proteins • Nucleic Acids (Don’t copy the picture!) Organic Compounds/components Organic Compounds – contain Carbon and Hydrogen • Carbohydrates: made of simple sugars • Proteins: made of amino acids • Lipids: made of 1 glycerol + at least 1 fatty acid • Nucleic Acids: made of nucleotides Substance = compound = chemical Monomers & Polymers Organic compounds are made of units called monomers or polymers. Monomer- a molecule that can bond in long chains. Here is a monomer: Polymer- a chain of monomers. Here is a polymer: Carbohydrates Characteristics of Carbohydrates Monomer Simple sugar molecules Function Stores energy and some structures Examples glucose, fructose, Starch, Fact Usually large molecules Food sources Bread, candy, pasta, vegetables Video clips come from United Streaming: Energy and the Chemistry of Life (39:48) Lipid Characteristics of Lipids Monomer Function Fatty acids Stores energy, forms membranes, some hormones Examples Body fat, cell membranes, testosterone Fact Lipids do not dissolve in water but do dissolve in oils Candy, red meats, fried foods, dairy products Food sources Proteins Characteristics of Proteins Monomer amino acids Function Makes enzymes (metabolism), forms structures, some hormones Examples Lactase, Insulin, hair, cartilage, muscle tissue Fact All proteins are made of the same 20 amino acids Food sources Meats, nuts, tofu Enzymes • Enzymes- proteins used by the cell to speed up and regulate metabolic reactions. • Enzymes are biological catalysts that remain unchanged by the reaction. Enzymes The substrate is temporarily bound to its enzyme at the active site. The enzyme may change shape slightly to accommodate the substrate. Watch the video: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s4jEZ9Os6QM&feature=related Nucleic Acids Characteristics of Nucleic Acids Made of Nucleotides Function Stores genetic information, directs cell activity, makes proteins Examples DNA and RNA Fact DNA is a double helix and RNA is a single helix Food sources Most foods made from living materials • Use the following slides to go along with organic substance foldable. • (Mrs. Scott’s Biology H classes stop here!) Organic Substances Carbohydrates Proteins Lipids Nucleic Acids Organic Substances Carbohydrate s Sugars Starches Proteins Meats Hormones Muscle Hair Nails Enzymes Blood Cells Lipids Nucleic Acids Fats Oils Waxes DNA RNA