Download Biochemistry Notes 2012

Biochemistry
What are living things made of?
Elements and Atoms
• Matter- anything that has mass and takes up
space.
• Atoms - basic building blocks of all matter.
• Elements – pure substances that can’t be broken
down into other substances. (atoms)
• Molecules – two or more atoms joined together
by chemical bonds. (smallest combination that
can’t be divided without changing its chemical
and physical properties)
• Compounds –substances composed of atoms of
different elements chemically combined.
(molecules)
Cells work on a
chemical level
The four types of
molecules cells use
regularly are:
• Carbohydrates
• Lipids
• Proteins
• Nucleic Acids
(Don’t copy the
picture!)
Organic Compounds/components
Organic Compounds – contain Carbon and Hydrogen
• Carbohydrates: made of simple sugars
• Proteins: made of amino acids
• Lipids: made of 1 glycerol + at least 1
fatty acid
• Nucleic Acids: made of nucleotides
Substance = compound = chemical
Monomers & Polymers
Organic compounds are made of units called
monomers or polymers.
Monomer- a molecule that can bond in
long chains.
Here is a monomer:
Polymer- a chain of monomers.
Here is a polymer:
Carbohydrates
Characteristics of Carbohydrates
Monomer
Simple sugar molecules
Function
Stores energy and some structures
Examples
glucose, fructose, Starch,
Fact
Usually large molecules
Food
sources
Bread, candy, pasta, vegetables
Video clips come from United
Streaming: Energy and the
Chemistry of Life (39:48)
Lipid
Characteristics of Lipids
Monomer
Function
Fatty acids
Stores energy, forms membranes,
some hormones
Examples
Body fat, cell membranes, testosterone
Fact
Lipids do not dissolve in water but do
dissolve in oils
Candy, red meats, fried foods, dairy
products
Food
sources
Proteins
Characteristics of Proteins
Monomer
amino acids
Function
Makes enzymes (metabolism), forms
structures, some hormones
Examples
Lactase, Insulin, hair, cartilage, muscle
tissue
Fact
All proteins are made of the same 20
amino acids
Food
sources
Meats, nuts, tofu
Enzymes
•
Enzymes- proteins used by the cell
to speed up and regulate metabolic
reactions.
•
Enzymes are biological catalysts
that remain unchanged by the
reaction.
Enzymes
The substrate is temporarily bound to its
enzyme at the active site. The enzyme may
change shape slightly to accommodate the
substrate.
Watch the video:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s4jEZ9Os6QM&feature=related
Nucleic Acids
Characteristics of Nucleic Acids
Made of
Nucleotides
Function
Stores genetic information, directs cell
activity, makes proteins
Examples
DNA and RNA
Fact
DNA is a double helix and RNA is a
single helix
Food
sources
Most foods made from living materials
• Use the following slides to go along with
organic substance foldable.
• (Mrs. Scott’s Biology H classes stop here!)
Organic Substances
Carbohydrates
Proteins
Lipids
Nucleic Acids
Organic Substances
Carbohydrate
s
Sugars
Starches
Proteins
Meats
Hormones
Muscle
Hair
Nails
Enzymes
Blood Cells
Lipids
Nucleic Acids
Fats
Oils
Waxes
DNA
RNA